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Miniaturization (Br.Eng.: Miniaturisation) is the trend to manufacture ever smaller mechanical, optical and electronic products and devices. Examples include miniaturization of mobile phones, computers and vehicle engine downsizing. In electronics, Moore's law predicted that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit for minimum component cost doubles every 18 months.^[1]^[2] This enables processors to be built in smaller sizes.

History

The history of miniaturization is associated with the history of information technology based on the succession of switching devices, each smaller, faster, cheaper than its predecessor.^[3] During the period referred to as the Second Industrial Revolution, miniaturization was confined to two-dimensional electronic circuits used for the manipulation of information.^[4] This orientation is demonstrated in the use of vacuum tubes in the first general-purpose computers. The technology gave way to the transistor invented in the 1950s and then the integrated circuit approach developed afterward.^[3] The concept became a trend in the last fifty years and came to cover not just electronic but also mechanical devices.^[5] Miniaturization in electronics is advancing rapidly due to the comparative ease in miniaturizing electrons, which are its principal moving parts. The process for mechanical devices, on the other hand, is more complex due to the way the structural properties of its parts change as they shrink.^[5] It is said that the so-called Third Industrial Revolution will be based on economically viable technologies that can shrink three-dimensional objects.^[4]

References

^ "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits" (PDF). Electronics Magazine. 1965. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Excerpts from A Conversation with Gordon Moore: Moore's Law" (PDF). Intel Corporation. 2005. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b Sharma, Karl (2010). Nanostructuring Operations in Nanoscale Science and Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. p. 16. ISBN 9780071626095.
^ ^a ^b Ghosh, Amitabha; Corves, Burkhard (2015). Introduction to Micromechanisms and Microactuators. Heidelberg: Springer. p. 32. ISBN 9788132221432.
^ ^a ^b Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). Science in Popular Culture: A Reference Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 193. ISBN 0313318220.

External links

Miniaturization - Glossary definition

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[Moore1965paper-1] "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits" (PDF). Electronics Magazine. 1965. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[IntelInterview-2] "Excerpts from A Conversation with Gordon Moore: Moore's Law" (PDF). Intel Corporation. 2005. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[:0-3] Sharma, Karl (2010). Nanostructuring Operations in Nanoscale Science and Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. p. 16. ISBN 9780071626095.

[:1-4] Ghosh, Amitabha; Corves, Burkhard (2015). Introduction to Micromechanisms and Microactuators. Heidelberg: Springer. p. 32. ISBN 9788132221432.

[:2-5] Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). Science in Popular Culture: A Reference Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 193. ISBN 0313318220.

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 [[File:4 iPod Chargers.JPG|thumb|Battery chargers for successive generations of [[Apple Inc.|Apple's]] [[iPod]].]]
 '''Miniaturization''' ([[British English|Br.Eng.]]: ''Miniaturisation'') is the trend to manufacture ever smaller mechanical, optical and electronic products and devices. Examples include miniaturization of [[mobile phones]], [[computers]] and vehicle [[engine downsizing]]. In [[electronics]], [[Moore's law]] predicted that the number of [[transistors]] on an  [[integrated circuit]] for minimum component cost doubles every 18 months.<ref name="Moore1965paper">{{cite web|year=1965 |url=ftp://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Articles-Press_Releases/Gordon_Moore_1965_Article.pdf |title=Cramming more components onto integrated circuits |format=PDF |pages=4 |publisher=[[Electronics Magazine]] |accessdate=November 11, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218224945/http://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Articles-Press_Releases/Gordon_Moore_1965_Article.pdf |archivedate=February 18, 2008 |df= }}</ref><ref name="IntelInterview">{{cite web|year=2005 |url=ftp://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Video-Transcripts/Excepts_A_Conversation_with_Gordon_Moore.pdf |title=Excerpts from A Conversation with Gordon Moore: Moore’s Law |format=PDF |pages=1 |publisher=[[Intel Corporation]] |accessdate=May 2, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029060050/http://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Video-Transcripts/Excepts_A_Conversation_with_Gordon_Moore.pdf |archivedate=October 29, 2012 |df= }}</ref> This enables processors to be built in smaller sizes.
+== History ==
+The history of miniaturization is associated with the history of information technology based on the succession of switching devices, each smaller, faster, cheaper than its predecessor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Nanostructuring Operations in Nanoscale Science and Engineering|last=Sharma|first=Karl|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.|year=2010|isbn=9780071626095|location=New York|pages=16}}</ref> During the period referred to as the [[Second Industrial Revolution]], miniaturization was confined to two-dimensional electronic circuits used for the manipulation of information.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Micromechanisms and Microactuators|last=Ghosh|first=Amitabha|last2=Corves|first2=Burkhard|publisher=Springer|year=2015|isbn=9788132221432|location=Heidelberg|pages=32}}</ref> This orientation is demonstrated in the use of vacuum tubes in the first general-purpose computers. The technology gave way to the transistor invented in the 1950s and then the integrated circuit approach developed afterward.<ref name=":0" /> The concept became a trend in the last fifty years and came to cover not just electronic but also mechanical devices.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Science in Popular Culture: A Reference Guide|last=Van Riper|first=A. Bowdoin|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=0313318220|location=Westport, CT|pages=193}}</ref> Miniaturization in electronics is advancing rapidly due to the comparative ease in miniaturizing electrons, which are its principal moving parts. The process for mechanical devices, on the other hand, is more complex due to the way the structural properties of its parts change as they shrink.<ref name=":2" /> It is said that the so-called [[Digital Revolution|Third Industrial Revolution]] will be based on economically viable technologies that can shrink three-dimensional objects.<ref name=":1" />
 ==See also==