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{{Infobox royal house
⚫
#REDIRECT [[Zakarids-Mkhargrzeli]]
|surname = Mkhargrdzeli
[[Category:Georgian-language surnames]]
|native_name = მხარგრძელი
|native_name_lang =
|other_name =
|coat of arms =
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|type = Nobility
|country = [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]]
|estates =
|parent house =
|titles = ''[[Amirspasalar]]'', ''[[Mandaturtukhutsesi]]'', ''[[Atabeg]]'', ''[[Msakhurtukhutsesi]]''.
*[[Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia|Somkhiti]]
|styles =
|founded =
|founder =
|final ruler =
|current head =
|dissolution = <!-- {{End date|YYYY}} -->
|deposition =
|ethnicity = [[Armenians|Armenian]]
|cadet branches = [[Zakarids-Mkhargrzeli|Zakarids]], [[Sargis Tmogveli|Tmogveli]], [[Gageli]]
|notes =
}}

'''Mkhargrdzeli''' ({{lang-ka|მხარგრძელი}}) was a noble Georgian dynasty of Armenian<ref> Encyclopaedia of Islam. — E. J. BRILL, 1986. — Vol. I. — P. 507 "''Ani was for the first time conquered by the Georgians in 1124, under David II, who laid the foundation of the power of the Georgian kings; the town was given as a fief to the Armenian family of the Zakarids, (in Georgian: Mkhargrdzeli = Longimani) ''"</ref><ref> Cyril Toumanoff. Armenia and Georgia // The Cambridge Medieval History. — Cambridge, 1966. — vol. IV: The Byzantine Empire, part I chapter XIV. — p. 593—637 "''Later, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Armenian house of the Zachariads (Mkhargrdzeli) ruled in northern Armenia at Ani, Lor'i, Kars, and Dvin under the Georgian aegis.''"</ref><ref>Chorbajian, Levon; Donabedian Patrick; Mutafian, Claude. The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geo-Politics of Nagorno-Karabagh. NJ: Zed Books, 1994, p. 66-67</ref> and at least partial [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]]<ref>Alexei Lidov, 1991, The mural paintings of Akhtala, p. 14, Nauka Publishers, Central Dept. of Oriental Literature, University of Michigan, {{ISBN|5-02-017569-2}}, {{ISBN|978-5-02-017569-3}}, ''It is clear from the account of these Armenian historians that Ivane's great grandfather broke away from the Kurdish tribe of Babir''</ref><ref>Vladimir Minorsky, 1953, Studies in Caucasian History, p. 102, CUP Archive, {{ISBN|0-521-05735-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-05735-6}}, ''According to a tradition which has every reason to be true, their ancestors were Mesopotamian Kurds of the tribe (xel) Babirakan.''</ref><ref>Richard Barrie Dobson, 2000, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages: A-J, p. 107, Editions du Cerf, University of Michigan, {{ISBN|0-227-67931-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-227-67931-9}}, ''under the Christianized Kurdish dynasty of Zak'arids they tried to re-establish nazarar system...''</ref><ref>William Edward David Allen, 1932, A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century, p. 104, Taylor & Francis, {{ISBN|0-7100-6959-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7100-6959-7}}, ''She retained and leant upon the numerous relatives of Sargis Mkhargrdzeli, an aznauri of Kurdish origin''</ref><ref>Vardan Arewelts'i's, Compilation of History ''In these time there lived the glorious princes Zak'are' and Iwane', sons of Sargis, son of Vahram, son of Zak'are', son of Sargis of Kurdish nationality (i K'urd azge')'' [http://rbedrosian.com/va3.htm p. 82]</ref> or [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of States and Atabeks of Seljukids|last=Najaf|first=Akbar|publisher=Qanun|year=2010|isbn=|location=Baku|pages=40}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Kipchaks|last=Kırzıoğlu|first=Fahrettin|publisher=TTK Yayınları|year=1992|isbn=|location=Ankara|pages=139}}</ref> origin. Their name in Georgian, Mkhargrdzeli, or in {{lang-hy|Երկայնաբազուկ}}, (''Yerkaynbazuk'') meant long-armed. A family legend says that this name was a reference to their [[Achaemenid dynasty|Achaemenid]] ancestor [[Artaxerxes II]] the "Longarmed" (404–358 BC).<ref>Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, 3th{{Clarify|date=July 2013|reason=Should this be '3rd', '13th' or something else?}} volume</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Paul Adalian|first=Rouben|title=Historical Dictionary of Armenia|year=2010|page=83}}</ref> According to one modern theory, they were an offshoot of the Armenian royal House of [[Artsruni]].<ref>Chorbajian, Levon; Donabedian Patrick; Mutafian, Claude. The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geo-Politics of Nagorno-Karabagh. NJ: Zed Books, 1994, p. 66-67</ref> According to [[Cyril Toumanoff]] / ''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]'', they were an offshoot of the Armenian [[Pahlavuni]] family.{{sfn|Toumanoff|2010|pages=453–455}}

== Rise ==

=== David IV ===
The first historically traceable Mkhargrdzeli was Khosrov, who moved from Armenia to southern Georgia during the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk invasions]] in the early 11th century. When the Georgian [[David IV of Georgia|King David IV]] the Restorer liberated Armenian lands from the Seljuq grip, the Mkhargrdzelis came to be loyal vassals of the Georgian [[Bagrationi dynasty|Bagratids]].

=== George III ===
Under King [[George III of Georgia]], Sargis Mkhargrdzeli was appointed as governor of the Armenian city of [[Ani]] in 1161, however it was soon recaptured by the [[Shaddadids]]. In 1177, the Mkhargrdzeli seized their chance during the rebellion of Prince [[Demna of Georgia|Demna]] and the [[House of Orbeli|Orbeli family]] and supported the monarchy against the insurgents. The [[House of Orbeli#Rise of Orbeli|uprising]] was suppressed, and King George III persecuted his opponents and elevated the Mkhargrdzelis.

=== Queen Tamar ===
Despite some complications in the reign of [[George III of Georgia|George III]], the successes continued in the reign of the [[Tamar of Georgia|Queen Tamar]].<ref name="minorsky">{{cite book|title=Studies in Caucasian History|last=Minorsky|first=Vladimir|publisher=Taylor’s Foreign Press|year=1953|isbn=0-521-05735-3|location=New York|pages=102–103}}</ref> This was chiefly due to the Armenian generals Zakaria and Ivane.<ref>http://www.aina.org/reports/tykaaog.pdf</ref><ref name="Suny-39">Suny (1994), p. 39.</ref> Starting in 1190, the Mkhargrdzelis rose quickly in power. Around the year 1199, they took the city of Ani, and in 1201, Tamar gave Ani to them as a [[Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia|fief]].<ref name="minorsky" /> Eventually, their territories came to resemble those of Bagratid Armenia.<ref name="sims">{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualani.org/history/part1.htm|title=The City of Ani: A Very Brief History|last=Sim|first=Steven|publisher=VirtualANI|accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> Around the same time, Ivane converted to Georgian Orthodox Christianity, while Zakare remained [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Apostolic]] in faith, the latter was founder of [[Zakarids-Mkhargrzeli|Zakarid dynasty]]. Both brothers left several bilingual inscriptions across the Armeno-Georgian border lands and built several churches and forts, such as the [[Harichavank Monastery]] and [[Akhtala Monastery]] in northern Armenia. The family went in decline with the establishment of Mongol power in the Caucasus.

Sargis’ offspring, Zakare (Zakaria) and Ivane Mkhargrdzeli, commanded the Georgian armies for almost three decades, achieving major victories at [[Battle of Shamkor|Shamkor]] in 1195 and [[Battle of Basian|Basian]] in 1203 and leading [[Georgian expedition to Iran|raids into northern Persia]] in 1210 and suppression of rebellions of mountaineers in 1212. They amassed a great fortune, governing all of northern Armenia; Zakare and his descendants ruled in northwestern Armenia with Ani as their capital, thuf forming its own dynasty of [[Zakarids-Mkhargrzeli|Zakarids]], while Ivane and his offspring ruled eastern Armenia, including the city of Dvin.

== See also ==
⚫
*[[Zakarids-Mkhargrzeli|Zakarids]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The City of Ani: A Very Brief History|publisher =VirtualANI |url =http://www.virtualani.org/history/part1.htm|accessdate = 2007-07-15 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = KAMSARAKAN | last = Toumanoff | first = C. | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kamsarakan | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 5 | pages = 453–455 | location = | publisher = | year = 2010 | isbn = |ref=harv}}

[[Category:Zakarids]]

Revision as of 13:56, 2 May 2018

Mkhargrdzeli
მხარგრძელი
Nobility
CountryGeorgia
TitlesAmirspasalar, Mandaturtukhutsesi, Atabeg, Msakhurtukhutsesi.
Cadet branchesZakarids, Tmogveli, Gageli

Mkhargrdzeli (Georgian: მხარგრძელი) was a noble Georgian dynasty of Armenian[1][2][3] and at least partial Kurdish[4][5][6][7][8] or Kipchak[9] [10] origin. Their name in Georgian, Mkhargrdzeli, or in Armenian: Երկայնաբազուկ, (Yerkaynbazuk) meant long-armed. A family legend says that this name was a reference to their Achaemenid ancestor Artaxerxes II the "Longarmed" (404–358 BC).[11][12] According to one modern theory, they were an offshoot of the Armenian royal House of Artsruni.[13] According to Cyril Toumanoff / Encyclopædia Iranica, they were an offshoot of the Armenian Pahlavuni family.[14]

Rise

David IV

The first historically traceable Mkhargrdzeli was Khosrov, who moved from Armenia to southern Georgia during the Seljuk invasions in the early 11th century. When the Georgian King David IV the Restorer liberated Armenian lands from the Seljuq grip, the Mkhargrdzelis came to be loyal vassals of the Georgian Bagratids.

George III

Under King George III of Georgia, Sargis Mkhargrdzeli was appointed as governor of the Armenian city of Ani in 1161, however it was soon recaptured by the Shaddadids. In 1177, the Mkhargrdzeli seized their chance during the rebellion of Prince Demna and the Orbeli family and supported the monarchy against the insurgents. The uprising was suppressed, and King George III persecuted his opponents and elevated the Mkhargrdzelis.

Queen Tamar

Despite some complications in the reign of George III, the successes continued in the reign of the Queen Tamar.[15] This was chiefly due to the Armenian generals Zakaria and Ivane.[16][17] Starting in 1190, the Mkhargrdzelis rose quickly in power. Around the year 1199, they took the city of Ani, and in 1201, Tamar gave Ani to them as a fief.[15] Eventually, their territories came to resemble those of Bagratid Armenia.[18] Around the same time, Ivane converted to Georgian Orthodox Christianity, while Zakare remained Armenian Apostolic in faith, the latter was founder of Zakarid dynasty. Both brothers left several bilingual inscriptions across the Armeno-Georgian border lands and built several churches and forts, such as the Harichavank Monastery and Akhtala Monastery in northern Armenia. The family went in decline with the establishment of Mongol power in the Caucasus.

Sargis’ offspring, Zakare (Zakaria) and Ivane Mkhargrdzeli, commanded the Georgian armies for almost three decades, achieving major victories at Shamkor in 1195 and Basian in 1203 and leading raids into northern Persia in 1210 and suppression of rebellions of mountaineers in 1212. They amassed a great fortune, governing all of northern Armenia; Zakare and his descendants ruled in northwestern Armenia with Ani as their capital, thuf forming its own dynasty of Zakarids, while Ivane and his offspring ruled eastern Armenia, including the city of Dvin.

See also

References

  1. ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam. — E. J. BRILL, 1986. — Vol. I. — P. 507 "Ani was for the first time conquered by the Georgians in 1124, under David II, who laid the foundation of the power of the Georgian kings; the town was given as a fief to the Armenian family of the Zakarids, (in Georgian: Mkhargrdzeli = Longimani) "
  2. ^ Cyril Toumanoff. Armenia and Georgia // The Cambridge Medieval History. — Cambridge, 1966. — vol. IV: The Byzantine Empire, part I chapter XIV. — p. 593—637 "Later, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Armenian house of the Zachariads (Mkhargrdzeli) ruled in northern Armenia at Ani, Lor'i, Kars, and Dvin under the Georgian aegis."
  3. ^ Chorbajian, Levon; Donabedian Patrick; Mutafian, Claude. The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geo-Politics of Nagorno-Karabagh. NJ: Zed Books, 1994, p. 66-67
  4. ^ Alexei Lidov, 1991, The mural paintings of Akhtala, p. 14, Nauka Publishers, Central Dept. of Oriental Literature, University of Michigan, ISBN 5-02-017569-2, ISBN 978-5-02-017569-3, It is clear from the account of these Armenian historians that Ivane's great grandfather broke away from the Kurdish tribe of Babir
  5. ^ Vladimir Minorsky, 1953, Studies in Caucasian History, p. 102, CUP Archive, ISBN 0-521-05735-3, ISBN 978-0-521-05735-6, According to a tradition which has every reason to be true, their ancestors were Mesopotamian Kurds of the tribe (xel) Babirakan.
  6. ^ Richard Barrie Dobson, 2000, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages: A-J, p. 107, Editions du Cerf, University of Michigan, ISBN 0-227-67931-8, ISBN 978-0-227-67931-9, under the Christianized Kurdish dynasty of Zak'arids they tried to re-establish nazarar system...
  7. ^ William Edward David Allen, 1932, A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century, p. 104, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-7100-6959-6, ISBN 978-0-7100-6959-7, She retained and leant upon the numerous relatives of Sargis Mkhargrdzeli, an aznauri of Kurdish origin
  8. ^ Vardan Arewelts'i's, Compilation of History In these time there lived the glorious princes Zak'are' and Iwane', sons of Sargis, son of Vahram, son of Zak'are', son of Sargis of Kurdish nationality (i K'urd azge') p. 82
  9. ^ Najaf, Akbar (2010). History of States and Atabeks of Seljukids. Baku: Qanun. p. 40.
  10. ^ Kırzıoğlu, Fahrettin (1992). Kipchaks. Ankara: TTK Yayınları. p. 139.
  11. ^ Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, 3th[clarification needed] volume
  12. ^ Paul Adalian, Rouben (2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia. p. 83.
  13. ^ Chorbajian, Levon; Donabedian Patrick; Mutafian, Claude. The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geo-Politics of Nagorno-Karabagh. NJ: Zed Books, 1994, p. 66-67
  14. ^ Toumanoff 2010, pp. 453–455.
  15. ^ a b Minorsky, Vladimir (1953). Studies in Caucasian History. New York: Taylor’s Foreign Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 0-521-05735-3.
  16. ^ http://www.aina.org/reports/tykaaog.pdf
  17. ^ Suny (1994), p. 39.
  18. ^ Sim, Steven. "The City of Ani: A Very Brief History". VirtualANI. Retrieved 2007-07-15.

Sources

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