Bismuth subgallate: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Chemical compound}}

| verifiedrevid = 459979955

| alt = Skeletal formula of bismuth subgallate

| image2 = Bismuth-subgallate-3D-balls.png

| alt2 = Ball-and-stick model of the bismuth subgallate molecule

| routes_of_administration = Oral

| CAS_number = 99-26-3

| DrugBank = DB13909

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| UNII = YIW503MI7V

| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}

| chemical_formula =

| C=7 | H=5 | Bi=1 | O=6

| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

'''Bismuth subgallate''', with a chemical formula C₇H₅BiO₆, is commonly used to treat malodor by deodorizing [[flatulence]] and [[human feces|stools]]. In the United States, it (bismuth subgallate) is the active ingredient in '''Devrom''' (internal deodorant), an over-the-counter FDA-approved medicine. Also, it has been used to treat ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' infection and is used in wound therapy. As an internal deodorant, it is commonly used by individuals who have had [[gastrointestinal stoma]] surgery, bariatric surgery, fecal incontinence, and irritable bowel syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gorbach SL | title = Bismuth therapy in gastrointestinal diseases | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 99 | issue = 3 | pages = 863–75 | date = September 1990 | pmid = 2199292 | doi = 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90983-8 | author-link = Sherwood Gorbach }}</ref>

Also, a double blind study in 1974 reported its effectiveness as a flatulence/stool deodorant in ileostomy patients.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sparberg M | title = Correspondence: Bismuth subgallate as an effective means for the control of ileostomy odor: a double blind study | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 66 | issue = 3 | pages = 476 | date = March 1974 | pmid = 4813513 | doi = 10.1016/S0016-5085(74)80150-2 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Adverse effects==

It can cause darkening of the tongue and stools, which is temporary.<ref name=medscape>{{cite web|title=Bismuth subgallate (OTC) Devrom|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/bismuth-subgallate-999413|website=[[Medscape]]|access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref>

In 1974, a reversible [[encephalopathy]] was noted and examined in four colon cancer patients taking bismuth subgallate after [[abdominoperineal resection]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burns R, Thomas DW, Barron VJ | title = Reversible encephalopathy possibly associated with bismuth subgallate ingestion | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 1 | issue = 5901 | pages = 220–3 | date = February 1974 | pmid = 4818163 | pmc = 1633100 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.1.5901.220 }}</ref>

Bismuth subgallate is contraindicated in case of [[hypersensitivity]] to the substance, and should be used with caution in people with [[liver disease]] or [[kidney disease]].<ref name=medscape/> It is grouped in [[Pregnancy category#United States|pregnancy category C]]<ref name=medscape/> (risk not ruled out: Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks). During [[lactation]], very little bismuth subgallate passes over to the child.<ref name=medscape/>

== Structure ==

[[File:Structure of bismuth subgallate.tif|thumb|left|The crystal structure of bismuth subgallate.<ref name = "BSGstructure" />]]

Crystal structure determination of bismuth subgallate revealed it is a [[coordination polymer]] with the formula [Bi(C₆H₂(O)₃COOH)(H₂O)]_n2nH₂O.<ref name="BSGstructure">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Y, Takki S, Cheung O, Xu H, Wan W, Öhrström L, Inge AK | title = Elucidation of the elusive structure and formula of the active pharmaceutical ingredient bismuth subgallate by continuous rotation electron diffraction | journal = Chemical Communications | volume = 53 | issue = 52 | pages = 7018–7021 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28613325 | doi = 10.1039/C7CC03180G | doi-access = free }}</ref> The phenolate oxygen atoms of the gallate ligand chelate to bismuth cations and form chains. The material is nanoporous and the open-channels can be filled with small gas molecules such as carbon dioxide.<ref name = "BSGstructure" />

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== See also ==

== External links ==

* American Cancer Society: Ileostomy Guide [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_Ileostomy.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091245/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_Ileostomy.asp |date=2007-09-29 }}

* Cleveland Clinic-Having an Ileostomy– A Primer for New Ostomates [http://my.clevelandclinic.org/Documents/Digestive_Disease/HavingIleostomy.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616223912/http://my.clevelandclinic.org/Documents/Digestive_Disease/HavingIleostomy.pdf |date=2012-06-16 }}

* The Ostomy Files:The Issue of Oral Medications and a Fecal Ostomy [http://www.o-wm.com/article/3825] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206053300/http://www.o-wm.com/article/3825 |date=2012-02-06 }}

== References ==

{{Bismuth compounds}}

[[Category:Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal system and metabolism]]

[[Category:Bismuth compounds]]

[[Category:Coordination polymers]]