Stawiski: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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Stawiski was established in 1407–1411. It received city rights around 1688. The [[Franciscan Order]] built a [[monastery]] there in 1791. The monks were expelled from Stawiski in 1867 during the [[Partitions of Poland|Partitions]], as punishment for supporting the Polish [[January Uprising]] against the |
Stawiski was established in 1407–1411. It received city rights around 1688. The [[Franciscan Order]] built a [[monastery]] there in 1791. The monks were expelled from Stawiski in 1867 during the [[Partitions of Poland|Partitions]], as punishment for supporting the Polish [[January Uprising]] against the Russian imperial rule. The town was destroyed by fire in 1812 in the course of the French [[French invasion of Russia|campaign against Russia]], and rebuilt again, to become trades and commercial centre known for its furs, fabrics and hats in [[Congress Poland]]. Stawiski was burned to the ground once more during the Russian–Prussian war of 1915, soon before the re-establishment of the sovereign [[Second Polish Republic|Republic of Poland]]. The [[Polish army]] fought a battle with the [[Bolsheviks]] there in July 1920 during the [[Polish-Soviet War]].<ref name="stawiski">[http://www.stawiski.pl/ Oficjalna strona miasta Stawiski.] {{pl icon}}</ref> By 1932, over 50% of the local population was [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jewish]], numbering approximately 2,000.<ref name="stawiski.pl">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111002213134/http://www.stawiski.pl/archiwum/index.php?k=91 "Historia i dzieje Stawisk," 2003, Urząd Miejski w Stawiskach] {{pl icon}}</ref> |
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===Jewish community=== |
===Jewish community=== |
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During the [[Invasion of Poland]] in 1939, Stawiski was initially occupied by the Germans for one month. The Germans sent the Jewish men of the town to a camp in [[East Prussia]], with their shops looted by Germans and Poles. The Jewish men returned when the town was handed over to the Soviets. The Germans returned to the town during [[Operation Barbarossa]] in June 1941, and in early July 1941 instigated a pogrom in which Polish locals wielding iron bars murdered some 300 Jews. One the 15th of August the German [[Gestapo]] murdered most of Jewish inhabitants, the young and the old in the Kisielnica forest and the able bodied near [[Mątwica]]. Some 60 Jews remained, mainly skilled workers and their families, who were confined to a ghetto in the town. On 2 November 1942, the ghetto was closed and its occupants were transferred to [[Łomża Ghetto]], and from there sent to [[Auschwitz extermination camp]] and [[Treblinka extermination camp]]. Only a few of the town's Jewish inhabitants survived the Holocaust.<ref>[https://books.google.co.il/books?id=tumlOiOZvSUC&pg=PA1240&dq=stawiski+1941&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwnv_GnPnZAhWHalAKHW9wAZEQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=stawiski%201941&f=false The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: Seredina-Buda-Z], Shmuel Spector, Geoffrey Wigoder, page 1240</ref><ref>[http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/he/research/ghettos_encyclopedia/ghetto_details.asp?cid=693 Stawiski in Yad VaShem Ghetto Encyclopedia], [[Yad Vashem]]</ref> According to the [[Institute of National Remembrance]], Stawiski was one of 23 towns in Eastern Poland in which a pogrom was carried out against the Jews following the German invasion in 1941.<ref>[https://books.google.co.il/books?id=8fUJ9pK8aeYC&pg=PA219&dq=stawiski+1941&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiznKrVnvnZAhUIZ1AKHdk6BIg4FBDoAQgwMAI#v=onepage&q=stawiski&f=false History vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church], David Cymet, page 219</ref> |
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Upon the [[Soviet invasion of Poland|Soviet invasion of eastern Poland]] in 1939, the local administration was abolished by the Soviet [[NKVD]] and replaced with Jewish communists who declared Soviet allegiance.<ref name="webcache" /> Ethnic Polish families were being rounded up by newly formed Jewish militia,<ref name="webcache" /> and deported to [[Siberia]]. Some Poles went into prolonged hiding from the enemy. The Soviet terror lingered until the Nazi [[Operation Barbarossa]] of 1941,<ref name="webcache">[[Alexander B. Rossino]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20140222014730/http://myinternetarchive-recovery.blogspot.ca/2011/04/polish-neighbors-and-german-invaders.html Polish "Neighbors" and German Invaders: Contextualizing Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa], ''Polin'': Studies in Polish Jewry, Volume 16 (2003). ''Referenced citations:'' #58. ''The Partisan: From the Valley of Death to Mount Zion'' by [[Yitzhak Arad]], and #59. ''The Lesser of Two Evils: Eastern European Jewry under Soviet Rule, 1939-1941'' by Dov Levin.</ref> when the NKVD collaborators fled, along with the [[Red Army]]. A German [[Einsatzkommando]] unit under [[SS-Obersturmführer Hermann Schaper]] arriving in Stawiski on July 4–5, 1941, massacred 700 local Jews in nearby Płaszczatka Forest.<ref name="Shared history">Simon-Dubnow, from Institut für Jüdische Geschichte und Kultur; in Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, Kai Struve [https://books.google.ca/books?id=_BbvQbiaqAEC&pg=PA347&dq=%22Motive+of+Revenge+for+Collaboration+with+the+Soviets%22&hl=en&ei=lEBtTeeHFJTAgQexvL2cBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Motive%20of%20Revenge%20for%20Collaboration%20with%20the%20Soviets%22&f=false ''Shared history, divided memory: Jews and others in Soviet-occupied Poland, 1939-1941''.] Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2007. {{ISBN|3-86583-240-7}}. ''See chapter:'' "Spontaneous Reactions and German Instigations" By A. Zbikowski, pp. 335 - 338 - 344 - 347.</ref><ref name="asura">[http://www.graceproducts.com/fmnc/asura.htm "Children of the Holocaust,"] ''In Search of the Heroes'', Grace, Richardson, TX</ref> The execution place is marked by the memorial stone.<ref name="irtualtourist">[http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/Poland/Stawiski-472728/TravelGuide-Stawiski.html Stawiski Travel Guide. Memorial to the 700 murdered by Nazis July 1941 (with photograph).]</ref> Some Poles, who emerged from their forest hideaways, including prisoners released by the Nazis from the [[NKVD]] prisons,<ref name="webcache" /> were led to acts of revenge-killing in German presence (approximately 6 suspects, around July 5–7). The [[Nazi]]s created a Jewish ghetto in Stawiski, then transferred all its occupants to a much larger [[Łomża Ghetto|Ghetto in Łomża]], which was annihilated in November 1942.<ref name="V-S">[http://www.sztetl.org.pl/?a=showCity&action=view&cat_id=5&city_id=750&lang=en_GB "Jewish community before 1989: Łomża – History,"] 2010, [[Virtual Shtetl]]; [[Museum of the History of the Polish Jews]] (Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich), [[Warsaw]]</ref> The fate of the Jews of Stawiski was similar to what occurred in neighboring towns of Jedwabne and Radziłów. The atrocity in Jedwabne took place on July 10, 1941 and the massacre in Stawiski only a day earlier thus linking perpetrators and victims.<ref name="P/M">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=AfeGB5yz0ooC&lpg=PP1&dq=%22Poles%20and%20Jews%3A%20How%20Deep%20the%20Guilt%3F%22%20Adam%20Michnik%2C%20New%20York%20Times&pg=RA1-PA62#v=snippet&q=Stawiski%20outskirts&f=false | title=The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre | publisher=Princeton University Press | work=The initial reporting | date=2009 | accessdate=16 April 2015 | author=Antony Polonsky, Joanna B. Michlic | pages=62 | quote=Poles and Jews: How Deep the Guilt? by Adam Michnik, New York Times, March 17, 2001 (quoted). | isbn=1400825814}}</ref> |
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A memorial stone near the town marks the murder of the Jews of the town.<ref name="irtualtourist">[http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/Poland/Stawiski-472728/TravelGuide-Stawiski.html Stawiski Travel Guide. Memorial to the 700 murdered by Nazis July 1941 (with photograph).]</ref><ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Work-with-our-Polish-friends-while-confronting-our-Polish-enemies-540892 WORK WITH OUR POLISH FRIENDS – WHILE CONFRONTING OUR POLISH ENEMIES], JPost, Gil Troy, 6 Feb 2018</ref>{{Better source|reason=One is dead, the other is an opinion piece. Multiple other sources are out there - just not high quality on-line ones. In some sources it is Płaszczatka Forest|date=March 2018}} |
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==Economy== |
==Economy== |
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Revision as of 09:15, 24 June 2018
Stawiski | |
|---|---|
 Stawiski panorama with the view of Church at the Main Square | |
 Coat of arms | |
  Stawiski | |
| Coordinates: 53°22′N 22°9′E / 53.367°N 22.150°E | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Kolno |
| Gmina | Stawiski |
| Area | |
| • Total | 13.28 km2 (5.13 sq mi) |
| Population (2006) | |
| • Total | 2,442 |
| • Density | 180/km2 (480/sq mi) |
| Postal code | 18-520 |
| Website | http://www.stawiski.pl |
Stawiski [staˈvʲiskʲi] is a town in north-eastern Poland, situated within Kolno County, in Podlaskie Voivodeship, approximately 16 kilometres (10 miles) east of Kolno and 74 kilometres (46 miles) west of the regional capital Białystok. Stawiski is the administrative seat of Gmina Stawiski. From 1946 to 1975 it belonged administratively to Białystok Voivodeship, and from 1975 to 1998 to Łomża Voivodeship. The town is situated on the Dzierzbia River.
According to Central Statistical Office (Poland), the population of Stawiski as of 31 December 2008 was 2,417 persons.[1]
History
Stawiski was established in 1407–1411. It received city rights around 1688. The Franciscan Order built a monastery there in 1791. The monks were expelled from Stawiski in 1867 during the Partitions, as punishment for supporting the Polish January Uprising against the Russian imperial rule. The town was destroyed by fire in 1812 in the course of the French campaign against Russia, and rebuilt again, to become trades and commercial centre known for its furs, fabrics and hats in Congress Poland. Stawiski was burned to the ground once more during the Russian–Prussian war of 1915, soon before the re-establishment of the sovereign Republic of Poland. The Polish army fought a battle with the Bolsheviks there in July 1920 during the Polish-Soviet War.[2] By 1932, over 50% of the local population was Jewish, numbering approximately 2,000.[3]
Jewish community
During the Invasion of Poland in 1939, Stawiski was initially occupied by the Germans for one month. The Germans sent the Jewish men of the town to a camp in East Prussia, with their shops looted by Germans and Poles. The Jewish men returned when the town was handed over to the Soviets. The Germans returned to the town during Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, and in early July 1941 instigated a pogrom in which Polish locals wielding iron bars murdered some 300 Jews. One the 15th of August the German Gestapo murdered most of Jewish inhabitants, the young and the old in the Kisielnica forest and the able bodied near Mątwica. Some 60 Jews remained, mainly skilled workers and their families, who were confined to a ghetto in the town. On 2 November 1942, the ghetto was closed and its occupants were transferred to Łomża Ghetto, and from there sent to Auschwitz extermination camp and Treblinka extermination camp. Only a few of the town's Jewish inhabitants survived the Holocaust.[4][5] According to the Institute of National Remembrance, Stawiski was one of 23 towns in Eastern Poland in which a pogrom was carried out against the Jews following the German invasion in 1941.[6]
A memorial stone near the town marks the murder of the Jews of the town.[7][8][better source needed]
Economy
The main branch of local economy is agriculture, based on individual arable farms producing crops for local processing as well as raising farm animals for the market. Apart from farming, trade and service industries cover the needs of the inhabitants. The overall number of people employed in the gmina's economy is 3,545. The breakdown of main employment sectors is as follows. Farming and forestry: 2,304. Industry: 177. Trade and services: 727. Education, health services: 288. Administration and policing: 35.[2]
The town's revenue in 2003 (including its surroundings) amounted 4.299 mln zloty. Net income was 900,000 zloty. However, expenses of the commune exceeded its profits in that period, and amounted to 4.679 mln zloty. Gross revenue and net profits fluctuate depending on expenditures in the public sector, such as environmental protection, water management, dump disposal, sewers, etc.[2]
Notable residents
Stawiski is the hometown of the famous chess player Akiba Rubinstein. In the main square, there is a monument to Stanisław Steczkowski Zagończyk, who, together with his four brothers, fought in the underground Polish Home Army in 1942–1945.[2]
References
- ^ GUS (2009-06-02), Ludność. Stan i struktura w przekroju terytorialnym. Stan w dniu 31 grudnia 2008 r. (PDF) Template:Pl icon
- ^ a b c d Oficjalna strona miasta Stawiski. Template:Pl icon
- ^ "Historia i dzieje Stawisk," 2003, Urząd Miejski w Stawiskach Template:Pl icon
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: Seredina-Buda-Z, Shmuel Spector, Geoffrey Wigoder, page 1240
- ^ Stawiski in Yad VaShem Ghetto Encyclopedia, Yad Vashem
- ^ History vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church, David Cymet, page 219
- ^ Stawiski Travel Guide. Memorial to the 700 murdered by Nazis July 1941 (with photograph).
- ^ WORK WITH OUR POLISH FRIENDS – WHILE CONFRONTING OUR POLISH ENEMIES, JPost, Gil Troy, 6 Feb 2018
Media related to Stawiski at Wikimedia Commons
53°23′N 22°10′E / 53.383°N 22.167°E
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