Synthetic cannabinoids

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by BGinOC (talk | contribs) at 00:30, 7 August 2010 (Reverted 2 edits by 173.88.14.27 identified as vandalism to last revision by GB fan. (TW)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

File:Spice drug.jpg
A bag of Spice

Spice is a brand name of, and generic slang, for a herbal mixture laced with synthetic cannabinoids such as JWH-018.[1] The various Spice products are produced by several manufacturers and marketed under various names.[1] Spice products are sold online, in smoke shops and at some gas stations as an incense or "herbal smoking blend", but the products are usually smoked for their cannabis-like effects.

Ingredients

Spice is claimed by the manufacturers to contain a mixture of traditionally used medicinal herbs, each of which supposedly produces mild effects with the overall blend resulting in the cannabis-like intoxication produced by the product. Herbs listed on the packaging include Canavalia maritima, Nymphaea caerulea, Scutellaria nana, Pedicularis densiflora, Leonotis leonurus, Zornia latifolia, Nelumbo nucifera and Leonurus sibiricus. However, when the product was analysed by laboratories in Germany and elsewhere, it was found that many of the characteristic "fingerprint" molecules expected to be present from the claimed plant ingredients could not be located. There were also large amounts of synthetic tocopherol present. This suggested that the actual ingredients might not be the same as what was listed on the packet, and a German government risk assessment of the product conducted in November 2008 concluded that it was unclear what the actual plant ingredients were, where the synthetic tocopherol had come from, and whether the subjective cannabis-like effects were actually produced by any of the claimed plant ingredients or instead might possibly be caused by a synthetic cannabinoid drug. Upon further analysis it was reported in a German toxicology report that there were some harmful effects of Spice. Although not containing the same additives, A three gram package of Spice is said [by one study] to have the same health effects as a pack of cigarettes, although no conclusive evidence of this exists outside of the study.[2]

Synthetic cannabinoid ingredients

On January 19 2009, it was announced by the University of Freiburg in Germany that an active substance in Spice is an undisclosed analogue of the synthetic cannabinoid CP 47,497.[3] On the 22nd January 2009, CP 47,497 along with its dimethylhexyl, dimethyloctyl and dimethylnonyl homologues, were added to the German controlled drug schedules ("Betäubungsmittelgesetz").[4][5] Different ratios of JWH-018 and CP 47,497 and their analogues had apparently been used in the various different varieties of Spice.

On July 15 2010, it was publicly announced that JWH-018 is in fact one of the active components in at least three versions of the Spice, which had been sold in a number of countries around the world since 2002, often marketed as incense.[6][7][8][9]

Another potent synthetic cannabinoid, HU-210, has been reported to have been found in Spice seized by U.S. Customs and Border Protection.[10]

Drug testing

Spice does not cause a positive drug test for cannabis or other illegal drugs using GC-MS-screening with library search, multi-target screening by LC-MS/MS, or immunological screening procedures. [11]

Reported brands

Legal status

Europe

Austria
The Austrian Ministry of Health announced on 18 December 2008 that Spice would be controlled under Paragraph 78 of their drug law on the grounds that it contains an active substance which affects the functions of the body, and the legality of JWH-018 is under review.[18][19][20]
Germany
JWH-018, CP 47,497 and the C6, C8 and C9 homologues of CP 47,497 are illegal in Germany since 22 January 2009.[5][21]
Finland
Spice blends are classified as a medicine in Finland and therefore it is illegal to order them without a prescription. In practice it is not possible to get a prescription.[citation needed]
France
JWH-018, CP 47,497 (and its homologues) and HU-210 were all made illegal in France on 24 February 2009.[22]
Ireland
On May 11, 2010, JWH-018 along with a variety of other drug alternatives and compounds were banned by Minister for Health Mary Harney.[citation needed]
Latvia
JWH-018, JWH-073, CP 47,497 (and its homologues) and HU-210 are all banned in Latvia as well as leonotis leonurus.[23]
Poland
JWH-018 and many of the herbs mentioned on the ingredient lists of Spice and similar preparations were made illegal in May 2009. The bill was passed by Polish Sejm,[24][25] Polish Senat[26] and was signed by the President.[27]
Romania
Spice was made illegal in Romania on 15 February 2010.[28]
Russia
On April 9, 2009, the Chief Medical Officer of the Russian Federation issued a resolution on reinforcing control over the sales of smoking blends. These blends, marketed under the trade names AM-HI-CO, Dream, Spice (Gold, Diamond), Zoom, Ex-ses, Yucatán Fire and others have been declared to contain Salvia divinorum, Hawaiian Wood Rose and Blue Lotus and are prohibited to be sold. These substances have been found to have "psychotropic, narcotic effects, contain poisonous components and represent potential threat for humans". The resolution does not mention JWH-018 or other synthetic cannabinoids.[29] On January 14, 2010, the Russian government issued a statement including 23 synthetic cannabinoids found in smoking blends Hawaiian Rose and Blue Lotus on the list of prohibited narcotic and psychotropic substances. Thus, all of these plants and compounds are now illegal in the Russian Federation.[30]
Slovak Republic
Spice is legal in the Slovak Republic. The National Anti-Drug Unit is considering adding it to the list of controlled substances.[31] The latest anti-drug law version (468/2009) valid since January 2010 still does not mention active compounds of Spice.[32]
Sweden
CP 47,497-C6, CP 47,497-C7, CP 47,497-C8, CP 47,497-C9, JWH-018, JWH-073 and HU-210 were all made illegal in Sweden on 15 September 2009. The bill was accepted on 30 July 2009 and was put in effect on 15 September 2009.[33]
Switzerland
Spice has been banned in Switzerland.[34]
United Kingdom
Spice was legal in the United Kingdom until December 2009, when it was classified as a Class B drug.[35]

South America

Brazil
Spice is currently legal in Brazil.[citation needed]
Chile
The Chilean Ministry of Health on April 24, 2009 declared the sale of Spice to be illegal.[36]

Asia

South Korea
South Korea officially added JWH-018, CP 47,497 and HU-210 to the controlled substance list on July 1, 2009, effectively making these chemicals illegal.[37]
Japan
Japan has banned JWH-018, CP 47, 497, and homologues, and HU-210 since Oct. 2009[citation needed]

Australasia

New Zealand
Spice is currently legal in New Zealand.[38]

North America

Spice is currently legal in Canada. Health Canada is debating on the subject.[39][40] According to present status there are no Bills, nor amendments to such requesting the control of this substance. all forms of JWHxxx are still uncontrolled in Canada as of June 3, 2010[41]

United States

Spice is not currently scheduled in the USA.[42]

Following cases in Okinawa and Japan involving the use of Spice by Navy Army and Marine personnel resulted in the official banning of Spice,[43] a punitive general order issued on January 4, 2010 by the Commander Marine Corps Forces, Pacific (MARFORPAC) prohibits the actual or attempted possession, use, sale, distribution or manufacture of Spice, Salvia and any derivative, analogue or variant of either substance.[44] On June 8, 2010, The U.S. Air Force issued a memorandum that banned the possession and use of Spice, or any other mood-altering substance, among its service members.[45]

On May 24, 2010, Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue signed HB 1309 to outlaw synthetic marijuana. HB 1309 was sponsored by Rep. Jay Neal (R-Lafayette) and Sen. Ed Harbison (D-Columbus).[46]

In Kansas, a new state law took effect March 18, 2010 banning the possession and sale of chemicals that are sprayed or sprinkled as powder on herbs to turn them into synthetic marijuana, which is sometimes sold as "K2" or "Spice".[47]

In 2010, Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen signed a bill into law banning synthetic marijuana and cocaine products which makes it illegal as of July 1, 2010 to possess or sell products that use the lab-created compounds JWH-018, JWH-073, HU-210 or HU-211.[48]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Stafford, Ned. Synthetic Cannabis Mimic Found in Herbal Incense. Royal Society of Chemistry: Chemistry World. 2009-01-15. Accessed: 2010-06-17
  2. ^ "BfR rät vom Konsum der Kräutermischung „Spice" ab" (PDF) (in German). 24 November 2008. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  3. ^ Hauptwirkstoff von "Spice Girl" identifiziert. W was here. January 19, 2009 (German)
  4. ^ Modedroge "Spice" ist verboten! (German)
  5. ^ a b BGBl I Nr. 3 vom 21.01.2009, 22. BtMÄndV vom 19. Jan 2009, S. 49–50. Cite error: The named reference "BGBL_vom_090119" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  6. ^ Gefährlicher Kick mit Spice (German)
  7. ^ Erstmals Bestandteile der Modedroge „Spice“ nachgewiesen (German)
  8. ^ Spice enthält chemischen Wirkstoff (German)
  9. ^ [Schifano, F., Corazza, O., Deluca, P., Davey, Z. and the Psychonaut Web Mapping Group (2009). Psychoactive drug or mystical incense? Overview of the online available information on Spice products. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 2(2), 137-144 http://www.psychonautproject.eu]
  10. ^ “SPICE” - PLANT MATERIAL(S) LACED WITH SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS OR CANNABINOID MIMICKING COMPOUNDS (U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration)
  11. ^ a b c d e f "Volker Auwärter, Sebastian Dresen, Wolfgang Weinmann, Michael Müller, Michael Pütz, Nerea Ferreirós, "Spice and other herbal blends: harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs?", Journal of Mass Spectrometry, Volume 44, Issue 5, Date: May 2009, Pages: 832-837". Erowid.org. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kasarda, Bob (2010-06-08). "Legal 'drug' a hit locally". Nwitimes.com. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  13. ^ a b Zaniewski, Ann (10 June 2010). "Ban on synthetic pot on hold". Daily Tribune. Retrieved 2010-06-19. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 5 (help)
  14. ^ a b c d e f "King, Mary. Teenagers Smoking K2 Have Authorities Incensed: Kids Who Smoke Incense Have Easy Access to the Legal Drug. Suite101. 2010-03-01. Accessed: 2010-06-17". Webcitation.org. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  15. ^ a b c ""Mississippi Briefs: SOUTHAVEN AND HORN LAKE - Cities ban sale of certain herbs". The Clarion Ledger. The Clarion Ledger, 17 June 2010. Web. 17 Jan. 2010". Clarionledger.com. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  16. ^ a b By Sarah Aarthun, CNN (2010-03-24). "Aarthun, Sarah. "Synthetic marijuana a growing trend among teens, authorities say - CNN.com". CNN.com International. CNN, 24 Mar. 2010. Web. 17 June 2010". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2010-06-19. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  17. ^ a b "Understanding the 'Spice' phenomenon,EMCDDA, Lisbon, November 2009" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  18. ^ "Kräutermischung "Spice": Gesundheitsministerium stoppt Handel, 18 December 2008". Derstandard.at. 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  19. ^ (AFP) (2008-12-18). "Austria bans herbal incense 'Spice'". Google.com. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  20. ^ "Gesundheitsministerium setzt Maßnahme zum Verbot von "Spice"". Bmgfj.gv.at. 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  21. ^ "Betäubungsmittelrecht: Modedroge Spice wird per Eilverordnung verboten". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  22. ^ "Arrêté du 24 février 2009 modifiant l'arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants". Journal Officiel De La République Française. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  23. ^ "Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem". Likumi.lv. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  24. ^ http://orka.sejm.gov.pl/Druki6ka.nsf/wgdruku/1547
  25. ^ mm, PAP (2009-02-12). "Sejm za delegalizacją 'dopalaczy'". Wiadomosci.gazeta.pl. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  26. ^ "Senat poparł ustawę zakazującą handlu "dopalaczami" - Wiadomości - WP.PL". Wiadomosci.wp.pl. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  27. ^ http://www.prezydent.pl/x.node?id=26543130
  28. ^ "OUG 6/2010 pentru modificarea si completarea Legii nr. 143/2000 privind prevenirea si combaterea traficului si consumului ilicit de droguri si pentru completarea Legii nr. 339/2005 privind regimul juridic al plantelor, substantelor si preparatelor stupefiante si psihotrope. Ordonanta de urgenta nr. 6/2010". Dreptonline.ro. 2000-08-03. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  29. ^ "О запрещении реализации продукции с содержанием шалфея предсказателей, гавайской розы и голубого лотоса". Rospotrebnadzor.ru. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  30. ^ "Постановление от 31 декабря 2009 г. № 1186 О внесении изменений в некоторые постановления Правительства Российской Федерации по вопросам, связанным с оборотом наркотических средств". Government.ru. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  31. ^ "Po ketamíne by sa mala zakázať bylinná zmes Spice". SME.sk. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  32. ^ http://www.zbierka.sk/zz/predpisy/default.aspx?PredpisID=209298&FileName=zz2009-00468-0209298&Rocnik=2009&#xml=http://www.zbierka.sk/zz/predpisy/default.aspx?HitFile=True&FileID=492&Flags=160&IndexFile=zz2009&Text=omamn%C3%BDch
  33. ^ "Regeringen förbjuder nätdrogen "Spice" from the website of the Government Offices of Sweden". Regeringen.se. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  34. ^ Adams, Stephen (13 February 2009). "Teens in Britain getting legally high on synthetic cannabis banned across Europe". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 August 2009.
  35. ^ "'Legal high' drugs banned in UK". BBC News. 2009-12-23. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  36. ^ "Chile prohibe uso de spice, La Nacion 24 de Abril 2009". Lanacion.cl. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  37. ^ 최연희 (2 July 2009). "1일부터 '5-메오-밉트' 등 향정신성의약품 지정" (in Korean). 헬스코리아뉴스. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  38. ^ Published: 5:36AM Sunday January 11, 2009 (2009-01-11). "Concerns about the sale of a legal cannabis substitute | HEALTH News". Tvnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2010-06-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ "Ian Bussières : Le spice: la capitale craque pour les «herbes magiques» | Société". Cyberpresse.ca. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  40. ^ "Une pilule une petite granule : Le Spice, un substitut au cannabis ?". Pilule.telequebec.tv. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  41. ^ "Consolidated Index of Drugs and Substances". Isomerdesign.com. 2010-04-24. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  42. ^ "Drug Scheduling from the US Drug Enforcement Administration website". Justice.gov. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  43. ^ Allan, David; Fisher, Cindy. Ruling Clarifies 'Legal' Drug Policy. Stars and Stripes via Military.com. 2010-05-23. Accessed: 2010-05-23
  44. ^ Marines Ban Spice Drug. Military.com. 2010-05-23. Accessed: 2010-05-23
  45. ^ "Air Force officials ban use and possession of spice, mood-altering substances. Air Force News. 2010-06-17. Accessed: 2010-06-18". Af.mil. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  46. ^ Simmons, Andria (2010-05-24). "Governor signs bill to outlaw synthetic marijuana". ajc.com. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  47. ^ The Associated Press. How major issues fared in Kansas Legislature. CNBC. 2010-05-23. Accessed: 2010-05-23
  48. ^ Haas, Brian. 'K2', 'K3' synthetic drugs are illegal in TN starting July 1. The Tennessean. 2010-05-30. Accessed: 2010-06-17

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_cannabinoids&oldid=377570023"