Timeline of Hinduism: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[History of Hinduism]] |
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{{Cleanup rewrite|date=July 2021}} |
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{{Hinduism}} |
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The article has a [[timeline]] and [[chronology]] of events in the [[History of Hinduism|history]] of [[Hinduism]]. |
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{{TOC limit|limit=3}} |
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== Prehistoric era (until c. 3300 BCE) == |
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* {{Circa|{{BCE|8000-3300}}}}: [[Mesolithic]] [[prehistoric religion]] evidenced in the rock paintings of [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mathpal|first=Yashodhar|title=Prehistoric Painting Of Bhimbetka|date=1984|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-193-5|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GG7-CpvlU30C&pg=PA220 220]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mithen|first=Steven|title=After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000 - 5000 BC|date=2011-12-08|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-1-78022-259-2|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Uaxg_QDSsrQC&pg=PT524 524]|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Bronze Age – first urbanisation (c. 3300 – c. 1800 BCE) == |
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* {{Circa|{{BCE|2600–1900}}}}: Mature [[Harappan Civilisation]]. |
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** Indus valley seals show [[swastika]]s.{{Sfn|Basham|1967|p=237}} |
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** Phallic symbols akin to the much later Hindu [[Lingam|linga]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sankalia|first=H. D.|date=1977|title=Review of The Indus Script : Texts, Concordance, and Tables|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42936591|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=37|issue=1/4|pages=193–197|issn=0045-9801}}</ref> |
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* {{Circa|{{BCE|before 2000}}}}: Many [[Dravidian folk religion]] were also found in [[South India]] with similar rituals, practices and worshipping of [[Surya|Sun]] and [[Nature]].{{Sfn|Tiwari|2002|p=276}} |
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== Iron Age (1500 – 200 BCE) == |
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=== Vedic period (1500-600 BCE) === |
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* {{Circa|{{BCE|2nd millennium}}}}: [[Indo-Aryan migrations]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smart|first=Ninian|title=Godsdiensten van de wereld|publisher=Uitgeverij Kok|year=2003|trans-title=The World's religions}}</ref> |
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** {{BCE|1800–1600}}: Split in [[Indo-Iranians]] to [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] and [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]].{{Sfn|Flood|1996|pp=21–22}} |
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** {{Circa|{{BCE|1750–500}}}}: Vedic religions;{{Sfn|Michaels|2004|p=32}} {{Circa|{{BCE|1500–500}}}}: [[Vedic period]]. |
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** Worshipping of [[Rigvedic deities]] like [[Indra]], [[Agni]], [[Prajapati]], [[Rudra]], [[Ushas]], [[Varuna]], [[Vayu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Muesse|first=Mark W.|title=The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction|publisher=Fortress Press|year=2011}}</ref> |
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* Change from pastoralist to urban lifestyle of the Aryans: |
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** {{Circa|{{BCE|1200–900}}}}: codification of the [[Rig veda]] and emergence of [[Brahmanism]] in the [[Kuru Kingdom]]. |
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** {{Circa|{{BCE|500–present}}}}: [[Sanskritisation]] in India. |
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** {{Circa|{{BCE|1000–600}}}}: Migration of [[Rigvedic tribe]] to [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. |
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** {{Circa|{{BCE|1000–600}}}}: Formation of [[Janapada]]s |
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** Establishments of [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna system]]. |
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** Composition of [[Vedic texts]] (Vedas, [[Upanishads]]). |
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=== Second Urbanisation (600–200 BCE) === |
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* {{Circa|{{BCE|600-300}}}}: [[Mahajanapadas]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. |
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* {{Circa|{{BCE|535}}}}: [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley]]. |
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* {{Circa|{{BCE|5th to 3rd century}}}}: Arise in new ascetic or sramana movements and formation of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]], threatening position of Brahmin orthodoxy. |
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** {{Circa|{{BCE|549}}}}: Birth of [[Mahavira]], founder of [[Jainism]]. |
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** {{Circa|{{BCE|563}}}}: Birth of [[Buddha]], founder of [[Buddhism]]. |
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* {{BCE|322–180}}: [[Maurya Empire]] era. |
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** {{Circa|{{BCE|322-272}}}}: Early flowering of [[classical Sanskrit]] [[Sutra]] and [[Shastra]] literature and the scholarly exposition of the "circum-Vedic" fields of the [[Vedanga]]. |
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** Decline in [[Brahmanism]]. |
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** {{BCE|261}}: [[Kalinga War]] and conversion of [[Ashoka]] to [[Buddhism]]. |
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** {{BCE|268–232}}: Policy of [[Ashoka's policy of Dhamma|Dhamma by Ashoka]] lead to increase in [[Buddhism in India]] and decline in [[Vedism]]. |
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** {{Circa|{{BCE|184}}}}: Assassination of [[Brihadratha Maurya|Brihadratha]] by [[Pushyamitra Shunga]]. |
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== Classical and early medieval periods (c. 200 BCE – c. 1200 CE == |
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* {{Circa|200 BCE–320 CE}}: [[Hindu synthesis]] after [[Maurya Empire]], incorporating non-Vedic Indo-Aryan religious heritage of the eastern Ganges plain and local religious traditions, giving rise to contemporary [[Hinduism]]. |
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** {{Circa|{{BCE|185–170}}}}: coinage of [[Hindu deities]] in [[Northern India]]. |
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** Development of [[Hindu art]], specially under the [[Kushan Empire]], specially as [[Kushan art]]. |
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* {{CE|200}}: [[Indianization of Southeast Asia]]. |
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* {{BCE|250}}–{{CE|400}}: [[Sangam literature]] written in the [[Sangam period]]. |
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* {{Circa|{{CE|4th century to 9th century}}}}: [[Hindu philosophy]] were formally codified, including [[Samkhya]], [[Yoga]], [[Nyaya]], [[Vaisheshika]], [[Purva-Mimamsa]] and [[Vedanta]]. |
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* {{CE|400–450}}: Decrease in [[Paganism]] in the [[Europe]] with increase of [[Christianity in Europe]]. |
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* Development in monotheistic [[Bhakti]] traditions, preceding the large [[bhakti movement]], which was given great attention in later times. |
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* {{Circa|{{CE|320–400}}}}: Hindu Colony in the Middle East, due to trade with [[Africa]]. |
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* {{Circa|{{CE|320–950}}}}: "Golden age of Hinduism" |
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** {{Circa|{{CE|4th–7th century}}}}: "Golden age of Hinduism" under and [[Gupta era|Gupta]] and [[Pallava dynasty]]. |
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*** {{Circa|{{CE|4th–6th century}}}}: [[Gupta Empire]] |
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*** Construction of [[Hindu temple|temples]] dedicated to [[Hindu deities]]. |
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*** {{Circa|{{CE|4th century}}}}: Emergence of the classical schools of [[Hindu philosophy]]. |
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*** {{Circa|{{CE|2nd century–5th century}}}}: Expansion of [[Hinduism]] to [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Philippines]]. |
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*** {{Circa|{{CE|4th century}}}}: Prominence of [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] and [[Chalukyas]] in [[South India]], leading to [[Sanskritisation]] of the [[South India|Southern India]]. |
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*** {{CE|2nd century–7th century}}: [[Greater India]] from [[Zabulistan]] to the [[South Asia]]. |
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*** Emergence of practice of [[Vastu shastra]]. |
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* {{CE|3rd century–9th century}}: Emergence of the [[Bhakti movement]]. |
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* [[Nayanars]] beginning in [[Tamil Nadu]] in Southern India with the [[Shiva]] and [[Alvars]] in [[Northern India]] with the worship of [[Vishnu]]. |
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* {{CE|4th century–8th century}}: Indian cultural influence, notably the [[Philippines]], [[Tibet]], [[Yunnan]], and historically eastern [[Afghanistan]]. |
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* Rise of [[Champa Kingdom]] in [[Vietnam]]. |
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* {{Circa|{{CE|606–647}}}}: Rise of [[Pushyabhuti dynasty]] in [[North India]] under the [[Harshavardhan]]. |
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** Synthesis of [[Hindu-Buddist empires|Hindu-Buddists culture]] and increase of [[Shaivism]] in [[Northern India]]. |
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** Constructions of massive [[Shiva temple]] and [[Buddhist temple]]s. |
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** Extent of [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] to [[Central Asia]] through [[Silk route]]. |
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* Emergence of [[Khmer Empire]] in [[Southeast Asia]] leading to significance of [[hinduism in South Asia]]. |
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* {{Circa|{{CE|649}}}}: [[Umayyad campaigns in India]] against [[Hindus]] in the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]]. |
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* {{Circa|{{CE|early 7th century}}}}: [[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan]], causing decline of [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] in the region. |
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* {{CE|710}}: [[Muhammad ibn Qasim]] conquest of [[Sindh]] (first [[Muslim]] to have successfully captured [[Hindu]] territories and initiate the early [[Islamic India]]). |
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*{{CE|728}}: [[Narasimhavarman II]] of the [[Pallava dynasty]] constructs the [[Shore Temple]] of [[Mahabalipuram]]. |
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*{{CE|738}}: Confederacy of Indian kings consisting of [[Nagabhata I]] of [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty]] and [[Bappa Rawal]], ruler of [[Mewar]] defeat Arab [[Umayyad Caliphate]] invasion attempts.{{Sfn|Michaels|2004|p=56}} |
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*{{CE|788}}: Birth of [[Adi Shankaracharya]]. |
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* {{CE|7th and 8th century}}: [[Kannauj]] as a centre of India as a power-triangle for the [[Gurjara Pratihara]]s, [[Pala Empire|Palas]] and [[Rashtrakuta]]s. |
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* {{Circa|{{CE|7th century}}}}: Prominence of [[Hinduism in Nepal]] by the [[Pala Dynasty|Pala rulers]]. |
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* [[Kathmandu]] under the Hindu rule. |
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* Many other small [[Hindu kingdom]]s focused on Hinduisation at their reign region. |
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*{{Circa|{{CE|10th century}}}}: [[Bhakti Yôga]] under the [[Adi Shankara]]. |
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* {{CE|9th century and 10th century}}: Emergence of [[Kshatriya]] castes of [[Rajput]], [[Ahir]], [[Jat people|Jats]] and [[Gurjar]]s among the [[Hindus]]. |
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*{{CE|985}}: [[Rajaraja Chola]] ascends to the throne of [[Chola empire]]. He expands the empire to [[Sri Lanka]] and to the north to include [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chola dynasty {{!}} India|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chola-dynasty|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> |
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**Re-introduction of [[Hinduism in Sri Lanka]]. |
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**[[Rajaraja Chola]] invades [[Sri Lanka]] and captures the northern half of Sri Lanka. |
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**The [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur]] is built by [[Raja Raja Chola I]]. |
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**Rajaraja Chola adds the [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Maldives]] islands to the Chola empire. |
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**Influence of [[Shaivism]] rises in [[South India]], under [[Chola dynasty]]. |
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**Construction of temples and palaces with [[Chola art and architecture]]. |
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*{{CE|10th century}}: Decline of [[Hinduism in Afghanistan]] after the end of [[Hindu Shahi]] due to defeat against [[Ghaznavids]]. |
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*{{CE|1001–1026}}: [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invasion to [[India]] after defeating [[Jayapala]] of Hindu Shahis and plundering [[Gujarat]] and looting the [[Somnath temple]]. |
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*{{CE|1033}}: [[Suhaldev]], king of [[Shravasti]] defeats and kills [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]], nephew of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. |
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*{{CE|1058}}: [[Sumra Dynasty]] ends the Arab domination and establishes its own rule over [[Sindh]]. |
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*{{CE|1120}}: [[Kalyani Chalukyas]] power at its peak. [[Vikramaditya VI]] ushers in ''Vikrama Chalukya era''. |
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*{{CE|1192}}: Defeat of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] against [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad Ghori]] in the [[Second Battle of Tarain]], leading to removal of Hindu reign from [[Delhi]]. |
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*{{CE|1198}}: Rule of [[Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic rulers in the India]]. |
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== Late medieval period (c. 1200–1526 CE) == |
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* {{CE|1206–1526}}: Rule of [[Delhi Sultanate]].{{Sfn|Nizami|1992|p=The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi}} |
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** {{CE|1206}}: Beginning of rule of [[Delhi Sultanate]], after [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] becomes the ruler. |
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** Attack on [[Hindu temple]] and prohibition on [[Idolatry]]. |
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** [[Conversion to Islam|Conversion of Hindus and Buddhists to Islam]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Peter|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|date=2003-10-16|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-54329-3|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA12 12]|language=en}}</ref> |
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** Rule of other [[Turkish people|Turkish rulers]] in [[Delhi Sultanate]]. |
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**Contraction and expansion of [[Delhi Sultanate]]. |
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**[[Rana Kumbha]] of [[Mewar]] and [[Ranmal|Rao Ranmal Rathore]] of [[Marwar]] defeat and take prisoner [[Mahmud Khalji]], [[Sultan of the Malwa Sultanate]] in the [[Battle of Sarangpur]]. |
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** |
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** Conquest against [[Rajput]], [[Jat people|Jats]] and other [[Hindu kingdom]]. |
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** [[Islamization of India]] (mainly in [[North India]]).{{Sfn|Michaels|2004|p=356}} |
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** {{CE|1526}}: End of [[Delhi Sultanate]] after defeat of [[Ibrahim Lodhi]] in [[First Battle of Panipat]].<ref>{{Cite web|others=Lodī dynasty|title=Indian history|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lodi-dynasty|url-status=live|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|language=en}}</ref> |
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* Introduction of [[Islam]] in [[South India]] by [[Tughlaq dynasty]], due to the fall of [[Kakatiya dynasty]]. |
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*{{CE|1398}}: [[Ravidas|Shri Guru Ravidas Ji]] was born in 1398 in Varanasi. |
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*{{CE|1336}}: Establishment of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in [[Southern India]] by [[Bukka Raya I]] and [[Harihara I]]. |
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** Re-Hinduization of [[South India]]. |
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** Protection of [[Hindu faith school|Hindu faith]] and establishment of [[Gurukula]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Michael|first=R. Blake|title=The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects: A Typological Analysis of Ritual and Associational Patterns in the Śūnyasaṃpādane|date=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0776-1|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wclA8r5f_LcC&pg=PA26 26]|language=en}}</ref> |
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**Construction of many [[Hindu temple]] with [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] [[Hindu temple architecture|temple architecture]]. |
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*{{CE|1340}}: Birth of great mathematician [[Madhava of Sangamagrama]] who goes on to found the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] and write the [[Venvaroha]], which describes the methods for the computation of the true positions of the Moon at intervals of about half an hour for various days in an anomalistic cycle. |
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*{{CE|1449}}: [[Sankardev]], [[Hindu saints|Hindu saint]] born in Nagaon, Assam founded of [[Ekasarana Dharma]]. |
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*{{CE|1486}}: Advent of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], founder of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]. |
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*15th-century: Most of [[Lists of Hindus|Hindus dynasty]] in the [[Greater India]] were converted to [[Islam]] or [[Buddhism]]. |
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==Early modern period (c. 1526–1858 CE)== |
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{{expand section|date=July 2021}} |
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==Modern period and independence (after c. 1850 CE)== |
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{{expand section|date=July 2021}} |
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==See also== |
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* [[Timeline of Indian history]] |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Sources == |
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{{refbegin}} |
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<!-- B --> |
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* {{Cite book|last=Basham|first=Arthur Llewellyn|title=The Wonder That was India|title-link=The Wonder That Was India|publisher=[[Sidgwick & Jackson]]|year=1967|isbn=0-330-43909-X|author-link=Arthur Llewellyn Basham}} |
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<!-- D --> |
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* {{Cite book|last=Doniger|first=Wendy|title=The Hindus: An Alternative History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-959334-7|author-link=Wendy Doniger}} |
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<!-- F --> |
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* {{Cite book|last=Flood|first=Gavin|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1996|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|author-link=Gavin Flood}} |
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<!-- M --> |
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* {{Cite book|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|title=The Indus Script: Texts, Concordance and Tables|year=1977|author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Michaels|first=Axel|title=Hinduism. Past and present|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2004|location=[[New Jersey]]|author-link=Axel Michaels}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Mill|first=James|title=The History of British India|title-link=The History of British India|publisher=Baldwin, Cradock and Joy|year=1817|oclc=898934488|author-link=James Mill}} |
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<!-- N --> |
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*{{Cite book|last=Nizami|first=Khaliq Ahmad|title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206-1526)|publisher=The Indian History Congress|year=1992|editor-last=Habib|editor-first=Mohammad|edition=2|volume=5|author-link=K. A. Nizami|editor-last2=Nizami|editor-first2=Khaliq Ahmad}} |
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<!-- T --> |
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* {{Cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Shiv Kumar|title=Tribal Roots Of Hinduism|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2002|isbn=9-788-176-25299-7}} |
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{{refend}} |
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== External links == |
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* {{Cite web|title=Hinduism: Timeline|url=https://www.softschools.com/timelines/hinduism_timeline/381/|url-status=live|website=Soft Schools}} |
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* {{Cite web|title=Timeline {{!}} Hinduism|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/hinduism/|url-status=live|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]}} |
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* {{Cite web|title=Hinduism: Chronology and History|url=https://www.luther.edu/religion/asian-studies/resources/reference/Hinduism/|url-status=live|website=[[Luther College (Iowa)|Luther College]]}} |
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{{Portal|Hinduism|History|Lists}} |
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{{Hindudharma}} |
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{{Timelines of religion}} |
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[[Category:Timelines of Hinduism]] |
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[[Category:History of Hinduism]] |
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[[Category:Religion timelines]] |
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Revision as of 03:29, 4 August 2021
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