User:J Beake/sandbox

Peter-in-the-Wall,Essex: A simple nave church of the early style c. 650	Brixworth, Northants: monastery founded by Sexwulf c. 800	Barnack, Peterborough: Towered church c. 970 - spire is later	Sompting Church, Sussex: A Romanesque style church . c1050

The table 1 summarises the possibilities outlined by Robert Hedges, building on work by Helena Hamerow.}} The number of 250,000 is also suggested by

Development of reflexives ✔ ✔ Rise of progressive ✔ ✔ Loss of external possessor ✔ ✔ Rise of periphrastic do ✔ ✔ Negative comparative particle ✔ Rise of pronoun -en ✔ Merger of /kw-/, /hw-/ at /χw-/ ✔ Rise of it clefts ✔ Rise of sentential answers and tagging ✔ Preservation of /θ ð/ ✔ Loss of front rounded vowels

Table 1:A number of shift features that were selected as representative by Richard Coates, Gary Miller and Raymond Hickey

Features	Coates	Miller	Hickey
Two functionally-distinct ‘to be’ verbs	✔	✔	✔
Northern Subject Rule	✔	✔	✔
Development of reflexives	✔	✔
Rise of progressive		✔	✔
Loss of external possessor		✔	✔
Rise of the periphrastic "do"		✔	✔
Negative comparative particle	✔
Rise of pronoun -en	✔
Merger of /kw-/, /hw-/ and /χw-/	✔
Rise of "it" clefts		✔
Rise of sentential answers and tagging		✔
Preservation of θ and ð			✔
Loss of front rounded vowels			✔

(*)This could be the second phase, with building on a 100 years; a small force of 3000, with a rate of 3% (local wives, mainly men - same rate as modern day Palestine) would have become 38,437 by 540.

References

General

• Channel 4 (2004), Britain AD: King Arthur's Britain{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

• H. Williams (2002), Sam Lucy; Andrew J. Reynolds (eds.), Remains of Pagan Saxondom, Burial in Early Medieval England and Wales, Society for Medieval Archaeology, ISBN 978-1-902653-65-5 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysummary=, and |authormask= (help)

• Hills, Catherine (2003), Origins of the English, London: Duckworth, ISBN 0 7156 3191 8

• Template:Citation doi

Archaeology

Environment c. 250–500

• Assendorp, Jan-Joost; et al. (2001), "The Lower Saxony Wadden Sea Region", in Vollmer, M.; et al. (eds.), LANCEWAD: Landscape and Cultural Heritage in the Wadden Sea Region—Project Report (PDF), Wilhelmshaven: Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, pp. 165–194 {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |editor2-last= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |last2= (help)
• Attenborough, F.L. Tr., ed. (1922), The laws of the earliest English kings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
• Berglund, Björn E. (2002), "Human impact and climate changes—synchronous events and a causal link?", Quaternary International, vol. 105, Elsevier (published 2003), p. 10
• Ejstrud, Bo; et al. (2008), Ejstrud, Bo; Maarleveld, Thijs J. (eds.), The Migration Period, Southern Denmark and the North Sea, Esbjerg: Maritime Archaeology Programme, ISBN 978-87-992214-1-7 {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last2= (help)
• Issar, Arie S. (2003), Climate Changes during the Holocene and their Impact on Hydrological Systems, Cambridge: Cambridge University, ISBN 978-0-511-06118-9
• Knottnerus, Otto S. (2001), "Cultural History", in Vollmer, M.; et al. (eds.), LANCEWAD: Landscape and Cultural Heritage in the Wadden Sea Region—Project Report, Wilhelmshaven: Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, pp. 29–63 {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |editor2-last= (help)
• Louwe Kooijmans, L. P. (1974), The Rhine/Meuse Delta. Four studies on its prehistoric occupation and holocene geology (PhD Dissertation), Leiden: Leiden University Press
• Louwe Kooijmans, L. P. (1980), "Archaeology and Coastal Change in the Netherlands", in Thompson, F. H. (ed.), Archaeology and Coastal Change, London: Society of Antiquaries, pp. 106–133
• Meier, Dirk (2004), "Man and environment in the marsh area of Schleswig-Holstein from Roman until late Medieval times.", Quaternary International, vol. 112, Elsivier, pp. 55–70
• Meier, Dirk (date?), Landscape and Settlement History of the North-Sea Coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Küstenarchäologie in Schleswig-Holstein (published ?) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |year= and |publication-date= (help)
• Nienhuis, Piet H. (2008), Environmental History of the Rhine-Meuse Delta, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-8211-5

History

• Jones, Michael E.; Casey, John (1988), "The Gallic Chronicle Restored: a Chronology for the Anglo-Saxon Invasions and the End of Roman Britain", Britannia, XIX (November), The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 367–98, doi:10.2307/526206, retrieved 6 January 2014

• Härke, Heinrich (2003), "Population replacement or acculturation? An archaeological perspective on population and migration in post-Roman Britain.", Celtic-Englishes, III (Winter), Carl Winter Verlag: 13–28, retrieved 18 January 2014

• Bazelmans, Jos (2009), "The early-medieval use of ethnic names from classical antiquity: The case of the Frisians", in Derks, Ton; Roymans, Nico (eds.), Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University, pp. 321–337, ISBN 978 90 8964 078 9
• Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol A., eds. (2001), Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe, Leicester: Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-8264-7765-8
• Charles-Edwards, Thomas, ed. (2003), After Rome, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-924982-4
• Dornier, Ann, ed. (1977), Mercian Studies, Leicester: Leicester University Press, ISBN 0718511484
• Elton, Charles Isaac (1882), Origins of English History, London: Bernard Quaritch
• Frere, Sheppard Sunderland (1987), Britannia: A History of Roman Britain (3rd, revised ed.), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0-7102-1215-1
• Giles, John Allen, ed. (1841), "The Works of Gildas", The Works of Gildas and Nennius, London: James Bohn
• Giles, John Allen, ed. (1843a), "Ecclesiastical History, Books I, II and III", The Miscellaneous Works of Venerable Bede, vol. II, London: Whittaker and Co. (published 1843)
• Giles, John Allen, ed. (1843b), "Ecclesiastical History, Books IV and V", The Miscellaneous Works of Venerable Bede, vol. III, London: Whittaker and Co. (published 1843)
• Haywood, John (1999), Dark Age Naval Power: Frankish & Anglo-Saxon Seafaring Activity (revised ed.), Frithgarth: Anglo-Saxon Books, ISBN 1-898281-43-2
• Higham, Nicholas (1992), Rome, Britain and the Anglo-Saxons, London: B. A. Seaby, ISBN 1-85264-022-7
• Higham, Nicholas (1993), The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100, Phoenix Mill: Alan Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0-86299-730-5
• Jones, Barri; Mattingly, David (1990), An Atlas of Roman Britain, Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers (published 2007), ISBN 9781842170670
• Kirby, D. P. (2000), The Earliest English Kings (Revised ed.), London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-24211-8
• Laing, Lloyd; Laing, Jennifer (1990), Celtic Britain and Ireland, c. 200–800, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-04767-3
• McGrail, Seàn, ed. (1988), Maritime Celts, Frisians and Saxons, London: Council for British Archaeology (published 1990), pp. 1–16, ISBN 0-906780-93-4
• Mattingly, David (2006), An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire, London: Penguin Books (published 2007), ISBN 978-0-140-14822-0
• Pryor, Francis (2004), Britain AD, London: Harper Perennial (published 2005), ISBN 0 00 718187 6
• Russo, Daniel G. (1998), Town Origins and Development in Early England, c. 400–950 A.D., Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 9780313300790
• Snyder, Christopher A. (1998), An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, ISBN 0-271-01780-5
• Snyder, Christopher A. (2003), The Britons, Malden: Blackwell Publishing (published 2005), ISBN 978-0-631-22260-6
• Wickham, Chris (2005), Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800, Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2006), ISBN 978-0-19-921296-5
• Wickham, Chris (2009), "Kings Without States: Britain and Ireland, 400–800", The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages, 400–1000, London: Penguin Books (published 2010), pp. 150–169, ISBN 978-014-311742-1
• Wood, Ian (1988), "The Channel from the 4th to the 7th centuries AD", in McGrail, Seàn (ed.), Maritime Celts, Frisians and Saxons, London: Council for British Archaeology (published 1990), pp. 93–99, ISBN 0-906780-93-4
• Yorke, Barbara (1990), Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England, B. A. Seaby, ISBN 0-415-16639-X
• Yorke, Barbara (1995), Wessex in the Early Middle Ages, London: Leicester University Press, ISBN 0 7185 1856 X
• Yorke, Barbara (2006), Robbins, Keith (ed.), The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c.600–800, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, ISBN 978-0-582-77292-2
• Zaluckyj, Sarah, ed. (2001), Mercia: The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Central England, Little Logaston: Logaston, ISBN 1873827628

Settlement legacy

The Anglo-Saxon settlement has had a profound influence on contemporary culture of Britain and elsewhere. Questions of English origin, themes in popular films and even the identity of many people worldwide seem still intrinstically linked to the question of what happened in Britain in the fifth and sixth Centuuries.

• Enduring image of the invading barbarian

People to be saved from

Destroyers of Roman civilisation

• Ethnicity

Germanic

Wars

• Politics

Anglophone is Anglo-Saxon - imperial

Independence

• Films

LOTR

GOT

• How this period is taught and the continuing use of invasion in education and research

Primary Schools

Scholarly papers