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added this to ISNA page. MY part plus Alexandra's part made page a full article, and no longer a stub. |
added this to ISNA page. MY part plus Alexandra's part made page a full article, and no longer a stub. |
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==Patient-Centered Model== |
==Patient-Centered Model== |
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Revision as of 18:34, 21 November 2013
added this to ISNA page. MY part plus Alexandra's part made page a full article, and no longer a stub.
Patient-Centered Model
The ISNA advocated a move from what is called the Concealment-Centered Model to the Patient-Centered Model. This push was to move away from a model that teaches both that “intersex is a rare anatomical abnormality” and that there need to be immediate surgery to normalize the child’s abnormal genitals, and moved toward the idea that “intersex is a relatively common anatomical variation from the ‘standard’ male and female types”. The attempt is to treat intersex as something that is natural, as to not ostracize the intersex community.[1]
The Patient-Centered Model wants people with intersex to be treated with the same ethical principles doctors show everyone else. One of the main things this implies is that newborn intersex genitals should be operated on, unless there need to be in order to maintain the child’s physical health. People with intersex should be allowed to opt for genital reconstruction, if they want to, when they can fully consent for the operations themselves.[1]
The Patient-Centered Model also believes that “psychological distress is a legitimate concern and should be addressed by properly trained professionals”. This means that both people with intersex and family members who feel burdened in anyway should seek both the help of counselors trained in sex and gender issues and supports form a community of peers experiencing the same situation. This allows a network of support to help everyone through any trying times that might arise.[1]
While some, like Dr. Anne Fausto-Sterling, see this new model that focus mainly on the interests of the patient as a opportunity to move away “from an era of sexual dimorphism to one of variety beyond the number two”[2] (77), the ISNA still believes that “newborns with intersex should be given a gender assignment as boy or girl”[3]. There reasoning is that and they think it would be impossible to know where male ends and intersex begins or where female ends and intersex begins and they want to “make the world a safe place for intersex kids”, and they believe that marking them as a third gender would exile them.[1]
Intersex in the Sex Anatomy Spectrum
(added by Alex) (Aschultheiss) The Intersex Society of North America claims that intersex is a socially constructed label that reflects actual biological variation. These variations range from chromosomal deviations from the standard male or female body, to deviations in reproductive organs that may or may not be visually expressed, to hormonal variations. The ISNA lists ambiguous genitalia as a commonly cited case of intersex, but there exist variations of lesser degree[4]. The INSA claims that intersex anatomy is not always present at birth, and sometimes does not manifest until the age of puberty[5]. Considering the wide range of variations that are considered intersex, as well as the perceived socially-constructed nature of gender and biological sex, the ISNA places intersex within a sex anatomy spectrum. The ISNA's argument is that intersex individuals can be thought of as being on a spectrum or continuum, in which there are no clear demarcations of where male ends and female begins[6].