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{{Infobox Établissement scolaire|image=Nantes - Lycée Jules Verne - 01.jpg|légende=Le lycée général [[Jules Verne]] à [[Nantes]], dans le [[Nantes|centre-ville]].|logo=|nom=|nom_original=|ville=|pays={{France}}|latitude=|longitude=|composante=[[Lycée en France|Lycée]]|fondation={{date-|1 mai 1802}}|particularité=|admission=[[Répertoire national des certifications professionnelles|DNB ou CFG (Niveau 3)]]|directeur=[[Ministère de l'Éducation nationale (France)|Ministère de l'Éducation nationale]]|type=[[Établissement public local d'enseignement]] (EPLE)|étudiants=|niveau=[[Répertoire national des certifications professionnelles|Bac + 0 (Niveau 4)]]|diplômes=[[Baccalauréat général]]|web=|géolocalisation=France}}In [[French secondary education]], a '''lycée général''' offers a 3-year curriculum leading to the general baccalaureate. The name comes from the ''[[Lyceum (classical)|Lyceum]]'', a [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]] in Athens near which Aristotle taught. The origin of this is in turn due to its proximity to a sanctuary dedicated to [[Apollo Lykeios]]. |
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== History == |
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Originally created by [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] with the law of 11 Floréal Year X (May 1, 1802) to train "the elite of the nation", the lycée, as Napoleon put it, is one of the "masses of granite", along with the [[Napoleonic Code|Civil Code]] and the [[Legion of Honor]]. |
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=== Lycées for boys === |
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Lycées for boys were created in [[1802]] from the most important of the [[École centrale|écoles centrales]]. The lycée provided training in literature ([[French language|French]], [[Latin]], [[Ancient Greek]], 3 teachers) and [[science]] (3 teachers). Article 5 of the decree of March 17, 1808 set out the curriculum as follows: "[[Ancient language|Ancient languages]], [[history]], [[rhetoric]], [[logic]], and the basics of [[Mathematics|mathematical]] and [[physical sciences]]". The usual system was [[Boarding school|boarding]]; the lycées were marked by military-style supervision and students wore uniforms. Few in number (in theory, there was to be one lycée per [[Departments of France|département]]), the lycées were entirely state-funded. They were run by a principal, aided by a censor<ref>chargé de maintenir le bon ordre et la discipline, équivalent d'un actuel [[Conseiller principal d'éducation]]</ref> and a treasurer, and taught by agrégés (associate professors), whose position was created by King Louis XV in 1766 to supplement the teachers already recruited from the royal colleges. Entrance to the lycée was subject to passing an exam to test previous knowledge, and tuition was also fee-paying, although provision was made for scholarships to be awarded to students who needed them, given their parents' income. The first twelve lycées created in Year XI were in Brussels, Moulins, Marseille, Mayenne, Mainz, Besançon, Rennes, Douai, Lyon, Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Rouen and Paris (the former Paris college of the Prytanée français). With the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Restauration]], lycées took the name of "collèges royaux". |
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=== Lycées for girls === |
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Girls' lycées came into being with a law proposed by [[Camille Sée]] and passed on December 21, 1880. This law introduced secondary education for girls, which could take place in 36 {{Lang|fr|lycées de jeunes filles}} by 1896.<ref>A. Prost, « Des lycées pour les filles », dans Id., ''[[Référence:Regards historiques sur l'éducation en France (Antoine Prost)|Regards historiques sur l'éducation en France]]'', {{p.|113-116}}.</ref> |
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Secondary education was reformed in 1902: in classical and modern education, four years of common core (''sixième'' or sixth class to ''troisième'' or third class) were followed by two years of preparation for the first baccalaureate, of which there were four forms: A: Latin-Greek, B: Latin-Languages, C: Latin-Sciences, D: Languages-Sciences. A, B and C were classical, while D was modern. In classical education, Greek could be started in ''cinquième'' (fifth class). This first baccalauréat gave the right to take, in one year, the second part of the baccalauréat (elementary mathematics and philosophy).<ref>{{Ouvrage|titre=A quoi sert le baccalauréat ?|sous-titre=La réforme de 1902|éditeur=Sénat|année=|lire en ligne=http://www.senat.fr/rap/r07-370/r07-3706.html}}</ref> |
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From 1802 to 1959, the term {{Lang|fr|lycée}} was used to designate state-funded establishments covering the whole of long secondary education (from sixième to terminale), as opposed to {{Lang|fr|collèges}}, which could also cover the whole of long secondary education, but were funded by the municipality or département. From 1959 to 1963, all collèges and lycées covering the entire long secondary cycle were known as "lycées". From 1963 onwards, the term took on its current meaning, as the first cycle of secondary education (from sixiéme to 3e) was gradually transformed into a "collège d'enseignement secondaire" (a collège of secondary education).<ref>Jean-Michel Chapoulie, ''Les professeurs de l'enseignement secondaire : Un métier de classe moyenne'', page 3.</ref> |
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=== The lycée today === |
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Until 1994, the lycée général streams were called A (literature, philosophy, languages), B (economics and social studies), C (mathematics), D (biology) and E (mathematics and technology). These have now been replaced by the three series: economic and social (ES), literary (L) and scientific (S).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061120095140/http://eduscol.education.fr/D0056/bacg.htm Présentation des trois voies de formation en lycée], MEN/DGSCO.</ref> |
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The organization of the lycée général curriculum was partially modified by the first reform of the lycée général et technologique (general and technological lycée), introduced by [[Ministry of National Education (France)|Ministers of National Educatoin]] [[Xavier Darcos]] and [[Luc Chatel]] between 2007 and 2009. |
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The second reform of the lycée général et technologique, initiated in 2019 by [[Jean-Michel Blanquer]], then Minister of National Education, greatly altered the pathway in |
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== Organization of the lycée général == |
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{{Études secondaires en France}} |
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=== Seconde === |
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During the seconde, students have the same common core instruction, regardless of their stream (S, ES or L). They may also elect to enroll in some optional courses, such as: |
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* General courses : |
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** Ancient languages and cultures: Greek or Latin |
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** C-level modern languages |
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** Arts |
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** [[Physical education]] |
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* Technology courses : |
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** Management and administration |
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** Health and welfare |
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** [[Biotechnology]] |
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** Sciences |
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** Engineering |
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At the end of the second hear, students can choose to continue on a general or technological path. |
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=== Première === |
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Upon entering the première, students take a common core along with three specialized courses which they choose, including: |
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* Arts |
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* History, geography and political science |
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* Humanities, literature and philosphy |
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* Foreign languages and cultures |
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* Ancient languages and cultures |
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* Mathematics |
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* Information technology |
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* Chemistry |
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* Life and earth sciences |
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* Engineering |
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* Social sciences |
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And one optional course, such as : |
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* Ancient languages and cultures |
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* C-level modern languages |
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* Arts |
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* Physical education |
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=== Terminale === |
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The terminale class is the baccalauréat class. Students take a core curriculum, plus 2 of the 3 specialties chosen in première, and up to two optional courses. |
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At the end of three years, students obtain a [[Baccalauréat général|gaccalauréat général]] with a note of the two specialties taken in terminale. |
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== Notes et références == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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=== Further reading === |
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* Under direction of Pierre Caspard, Jean-Noël Luc, Philippe Savoie, ''[https://www.persee.fr/issue/inrp_0000-0000_2005_act_28_1 Lycées, lycéens, lycéennes, deux siècles d'histoire]'', {{Numero|28}}, Institut national de recherche pédagogique, Paris, 2005 |
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<nowiki> |
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[[Category:Lycées in France]]</nowiki> |
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