Volunteer (Irish republican): Difference between revisions
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'''Volunteer''', often abbreviated '''Vol.''', is a term used by a number of [[Irish republican]] [[paramilitary]] organisations to describe their members. Among these have been [[List of organisations known as the Irish Republican Army|the various forms of the Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) and the [[Irish National Liberation Army]] (INLA). '''Óglach''' is the equivalent title used in the [[Irish language]].<ref> See for example [http://www.rsfcork.com/hungerstrikes.htm Belfast brigade 25th Anniversary of H-Block Hunger Strike 1981 - 2006] from a [[Republican Sinn Féin]] website</ref> |
'''Volunteer''', often abbreviated '''Vol.''', is a term used by a number of [[Irish republican]] [[paramilitary]] organisations to describe their members. Among these have been [[List of organisations known as the Irish Republican Army|the various forms of the Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) and the [[Irish National Liberation Army]] (INLA). '''Óglach''' is the equivalent title used in the [[Irish language]].<ref> See for example [http://www.rsfcork.com/hungerstrikes.htm Belfast brigade 25th Anniversary of H-Block Hunger Strike 1981 - 2006] from a [[Republican Sinn Féin]] website</ref> |
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==History== |
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==Original usage of the term Volunteer== |
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{{See also|Irish republicanism#History}} |
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{{Content|date=September 2011}} |
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The first usage of the term "Volunteer" in an Irish context can be traced back to the name of the 18th century [[Irish Volunteers (18th century)|Irish Volunteers]], of which an institution of it {{clarify|date=September 2011}} is described by Richard Madded in 1842 as combining republicanism along with chilvalry, intolerance, and patriotism amongst other ideals of all ranks and classes.<ref name="Richard R. Madded">{{cite book| last =Madden | first =Richard R. | title =The United Irishmen: Their Lives and Times | publisher =James Duffy | year =1842 | pages =147 | isbn = |quote=Quote:“The origin of the Irish Volunteers, which, as an organized national military association, may be dated from 1777, ceased to exist as such in 1793…It is not inconsistent with truth, though it may be with the military glory of this institution of the Volunteers, to say that it combined in one great national phalanx the talent, the intolerance, the chivalry, the extravagance, the prodigality, the embarrassment, the republicanism, and patriotism, for one brief epoch, of all ranks and classes.”}}</ref> |
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The first usage of the term "Volunteer" in an Irish context can be traced back to the name of the 18th century [[Irish Volunteers (18th century)|Irish Volunteers]], who were described as combining republicanism along with chilvalry, intolerance, and patriotism amongst other ideals.<ref name="Richard R. Madded">{{cite book| last =Madden | first =Richard R. | title =The United Irishmen: Their Lives and Times | publisher =James Duffy | year =1842 | pages =147 | isbn = |quote=Quote:“The origin of the Irish Volunteers, which, as an organized national military association, may be dated from 1777, ceased to exist as such in 1793…It is not inconsistent with truth, though it may be with the military glory of this institution of the Volunteers, to say that it combined in one great national phalanx the talent, the intolerance, the chivalry, the extravagance, the prodigality, the embarrassment, the republicanism, and patriotism, for one brief epoch, of all ranks and classes.”}}</ref> The origins of [[Irish Republicanism]] lay with the both the [[American Revolution|American]] and [[10 August (French Revolution)|French]] revolutions.<ref name="Morgan Llwelyn">{{cite book | last = Llwelyn| first = Morgan| title = Irish Rebels| publisher = O'Brien Press| year = 2001| pages = 29| isbn = 0 86278 857 9}}</ref><ref name="[[Sean Cronin]]">{{cite book | last = Cronin| first = Sean| title = Irish Nationalism: A History of its Roots and Ideology| publisher = The Continuum Publishing Company| year = 1980| pages = 1-2| isbn = 0 8264 0062 0}}</ref> The almost unanimous sympathies of Irishmen during the [[American War of Independence]] were on the side of the Americans, whose grievances were very similar. <ref name="T.A. Jackson">{{cite book| last = Jackson| first = T.A.| title = Ireland Her Own| publisher = Cobbett Press| year = 1946| pages = 87| isbn = }}</ref> The Irish Volunteers also played a part in influencing the United Irishmen’s organisation.<ref name="Peter Gibbon">{{cite book| last =Gibbon | first =Peter | title =The Origins of Ulster Unionism: The Formation of Popular Protestant Politics and Ideology in Nineteenth-century Ireland | publisher =Manchester University Press | year =1975 | pages =35 | isbn =9780719006135}}</ref><ref>"The first Society of United Irishmen grew out of the ashes of the Volunteers and the disappointed hopes of the legislative revolution of 1782; the Volunteers grew out of the parliamentary and popular opposition to British government which had shown itself at intervals almost from the beginning of the century, and had gone on steadily widening and deepening from the accession of George III to the American war". |
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"The grievances which arose during the eighteenth century between Protestant Ireland and Protestant England, and which gradually created the spirit of Anglo- Irish nationality, effected a legal revolution in 1782, and attempted a military one in 1798". IRELAND IN '98, J. BOWLES DALY, 1888, Page 8-9</ref> The United Irishmen who have come to be regarded as the forerunners of modern physical-force nationalism, in a line that extended to the Young Ireland revolutionaries of 1848, to the Fenians of 1867, and onto the Irish Republican Brotherhood of 1916, up to the Irish Republican Army of today.<ref name="Nancy J. Curtin">{{cite book| last =Curtin | first =Nancy J. | title =The United Irishmen: Popular Politics in Ulster and Dublin, 1791-1798 | publisher =Oxford University Press | year =1998 | pages =9 | isbn =9780198207368 }}</ref><ref>"If Irish nationalism dates from Strongbow, or even the Danes, Irish republicanism was an offspring of the Volunteers of 1782 and owes much to the external influences of the American and French revolutions." Fenians and Fenianism, Maurice Harmon, Scepter Publishers Limited, 1968, Page 65. Originally appearing in the Winter edition of the University Review, 1967.</ref> |
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==20th century Irish Volunteers== |
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[[Image:Óglaigh na hÉireann.jpg|thumb|[[Irish Defence Forces cap badge]]<br>"Óglaigh na hÉireann" and "Fianna Fáil" (FF) are alternative translations of "Irish Volunteers"]] |
[[Image:Óglaigh na hÉireann.jpg|thumb|[[Irish Defence Forces cap badge]]<br>"Óglaigh na hÉireann" and "Fianna Fáil" (FF) are alternative translations of "Irish Volunteers"]] |
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In 1913, in response to the formation of the [[Ulster Volunteers]], Irish nationalists founded the [[Irish Volunteers]], with the intentions "to secure and maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland".<ref>Foy, Michael; Barton, Brian (2004). The Easter Rising. Sutton Publishing. pp. 7–8. ISBN 0 750 93433 6.</ref> Their name in [[Irish language|Irish]] was [[Óglaigh na hÉireann]], literally translatable as "Warriors of Ireland".<ref>{{cite book |title=Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla / Irish-English Dictionary |last=Ó Dónaill |first=Niall |isbn=1857910389 |year=1977 |publisher=[[An Gúm#Lexicographical_publications|An Gúm]] |location=[[Dublin]] |quote='''óglach:''' 1. (lit.) a young man (a) (young) warrior 2. Lit. Attendant, servant or vassal. 3. Mil: Volunteer; Óglaigh na hÉireann, the Irish Volunteers.}}</ref> The original IRA, and subsequent organisations of the same name, all of which see themselves as inheritors of these Irish Volunteers, continue to use ''Óglaigh na hÉireann'' as their Irish name. An alternative name, ''Fianna Fáil'', also translatable as "Warriors of Ireland", is sometimes used, as in the Irish national anthem, ''[[Amhrán na bhFiann]]'', and as the name of the [[Fianna Fáil]] political party, founded in 1926. The initials "FF" were incorporated into the Volunteer badge, and later the badge of the [[Irish Defence Forces]].<ref>The Earl of Longford and Thomas P. O’Neill, ''Eamon de Valera'', Dublin 1970, ISBN 978-0-09-104660-6, chapter 21</ref> |
In 1913, in response to the formation of the [[Ulster Volunteers]], Irish nationalists founded the [[Irish Volunteers]], with the intentions "to secure and maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland".<ref>Foy, Michael; Barton, Brian (2004). The Easter Rising. Sutton Publishing. pp. 7–8. ISBN 0 750 93433 6.</ref> Their name in [[Irish language|Irish]] was ''[[Óglaigh na hÉireann]]'', literally translatable as "Warriors of Ireland".<ref>{{cite book |title=Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla / Irish-English Dictionary |last=Ó Dónaill |first=Niall |isbn=1857910389 |year=1977 |publisher=[[An Gúm#Lexicographical_publications|An Gúm]] |location=[[Dublin]] |quote='''óglach:''' 1. (lit.) a young man (a) (young) warrior 2. Lit. Attendant, servant or vassal. 3. Mil: Volunteer; Óglaigh na hÉireann, the Irish Volunteers.}}</ref> The original IRA, and subsequent organisations of the same name, all of which see themselves as inheritors of these Irish Volunteers, continue to use ''Óglaigh na hÉireann'' as their Irish name. An alternative name, ''Fianna Fáil'', also translatable as "Warriors of Ireland", is sometimes used, as in the Irish national anthem, ''[[Amhrán na bhFiann]]'', and as the name of the [[Fianna Fáil]] political party, founded in 1926. The initials "FF" were incorporated into the Volunteer badge, and later the badge of the [[Irish Defence Forces]].<ref>The Earl of Longford and Thomas P. O’Neill, ''Eamon de Valera'', Dublin 1970, ISBN 978-0-09-104660-6, chapter 21</ref> |
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The regular Irish Defence Forces also trace their descent back to the Irish Volunteers and the original IRA |
The regular [[Irish Defence Forces]] also trace their descent back to the 20th century Irish Volunteers and the original IRA, and are also called ''Óglaigh na hÉireann'' in Irish. However, a new member is described as "recruit"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.ie/careers/army_recruits.htm |title=The Army Recruit |accessdate=11 February 2007 |publisher=Irish Defence Forces}}</ref> ({{lang-ga|earcach}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.ie/irish/careers/army_recruits.htm |title= Earcach an Airm |accessdate=11 February 2007 |publisher=Irish Defence Forces |language=Irish}} (Irish-language version of the preceding page)</ref>) or "cadet" ({{lang-ga|dalta}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.ie/careers/cadetships.htm |title=Defence Forces Cadetships |accessdate=11 February 2007 |publisher=Irish Defence Forces}}</ref> rather than a "Volunteer" or ''Óglach''. The [[Irish Army]] uses ''Saighdiúr Singil'' ("single soldier") as Irish for [[Private (rank)|the rank of Private]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.ie/irish/introduction/ranks.htm |title=Óglaigh na hÉireann: An Struchtúr Céime |accessdate=11 February 2007 |publisher=Irish Defence Forces}}{{ga icon}} (Defence Forces ranks in Irish) </ref> |
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==Definition== |
==Definition== |
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Revision as of 13:11, 26 September 2011
Volunteer, often abbreviated Vol., is a term used by a number of Irish republican paramilitary organisations to describe their members. Among these have been the various forms of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA). Óglach is the equivalent title used in the Irish language.[1]
History
 | The relevance of particular information in (or previously in) this article or section is disputed. (September 2011) |
The first usage of the term "Volunteer" in an Irish context can be traced back to the name of the 18th century Irish Volunteers, of which an institution of it [clarification needed] is described by Richard Madded in 1842 as combining republicanism along with chilvalry, intolerance, and patriotism amongst other ideals of all ranks and classes.[2]
"Óglaigh na hÉireann" and "Fianna Fáil" (FF) are alternative translations of "Irish Volunteers"
In 1913, in response to the formation of the Ulster Volunteers, Irish nationalists founded the Irish Volunteers, with the intentions "to secure and maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland".[3] Their name in Irish was Óglaigh na hÉireann, literally translatable as "Warriors of Ireland".[4] The original IRA, and subsequent organisations of the same name, all of which see themselves as inheritors of these Irish Volunteers, continue to use Óglaigh na hÉireann as their Irish name. An alternative name, Fianna Fáil, also translatable as "Warriors of Ireland", is sometimes used, as in the Irish national anthem, Amhrán na bhFiann, and as the name of the Fianna Fáil political party, founded in 1926. The initials "FF" were incorporated into the Volunteer badge, and later the badge of the Irish Defence Forces.[5]
The regular Irish Defence Forces also trace their descent back to the 20th century Irish Volunteers and the original IRA, and are also called Óglaigh na hÉireann in Irish. However, a new member is described as "recruit"[6] (Irish: earcach[7]) or "cadet" (Irish: dalta)[8] rather than a "Volunteer" or Óglach. The Irish Army uses Saighdiúr Singil ("single soldier") as Irish for the rank of Private.[9]
Definition
The term volunteer can be used to describe the entire membership of an Irish republican paramilitary organisation.[10], but can be used to describe a "rank and file" member, similar to that of a private or a member that does not hold the role of an officer such as Chief of Staff or Quartermaster General.[11] Use of the term is quite elastic, not only in its application to describe either all members or specifically lower ranks, but also over whether the 'v' is capitalised or not.
Sometimes the term volunteer is used specifically to refer to a low-ranking IRA member. For instance, Joe Cahill stated in a press conference, after the introduction of internment in 1971, that the British forces had arrested two "officers" in the Provisional IRA, "the rest are volunteers, or as they say in the British Army, privates".[12]
However, in other cases, the term is used to refer to all IRA members. For example, Official IRA member Joe McCann, killed in 1972 was referred to in commemorations by his rank "Staff Captain" but also as a "Volunteer". [13]
Most modern IRA memorials refer to the dead only as "Volunteer", "Vol." or "Óglach" rather than giving a specific rank.[14][15]
The role of a volunteer
The Green Book defines the role of a new volunteer as follows:
- General Order number 1: "The duties of a Volunteer shall be at the discretion of a unit commander ... A Volunteer who for any reason, ceases to maintain contact with his or her unit for a period of three months shall automatically cease to be a member of the army."
- General Order number 2: "Volunteers when making the Army Declaration promise; to obey all orders and regulations issued by the Army Authority and any superior officers. Where an order issued by a duly accredited officer has been disobeyed, the Volunteer in question must be suspended immediately, pending investigation of the case."[16]
References
- ^ See for example Belfast brigade 25th Anniversary of H-Block Hunger Strike 1981 - 2006 from a Republican Sinn Féin website
- ^ Madden, Richard R. (1842). The United Irishmen: Their Lives and Times. James Duffy. p. 147.
Quote:"The origin of the Irish Volunteers, which, as an organized national military association, may be dated from 1777, ceased to exist as such in 1793…It is not inconsistent with truth, though it may be with the military glory of this institution of the Volunteers, to say that it combined in one great national phalanx the talent, the intolerance, the chivalry, the extravagance, the prodigality, the embarrassment, the republicanism, and patriotism, for one brief epoch, of all ranks and classes."
- ^ Foy, Michael; Barton, Brian (2004). The Easter Rising. Sutton Publishing. pp. 7–8. ISBN 0 750 93433 6.
- ^ Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977). Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla / Irish-English Dictionary. Dublin: An Gúm. ISBN 1857910389.
óglach: 1. (lit.) a young man (a) (young) warrior 2. Lit. Attendant, servant or vassal. 3. Mil: Volunteer; Óglaigh na hÉireann, the Irish Volunteers.
- ^ The Earl of Longford and Thomas P. O’Neill, Eamon de Valera, Dublin 1970, ISBN 978-0-09-104660-6, chapter 21
- ^ "The Army Recruit". Irish Defence Forces. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
- ^ "Earcach an Airm" (in Irish). Irish Defence Forces. Retrieved 11 February 2007. (Irish-language version of the preceding page)
- ^ "Defence Forces Cadetships". Irish Defence Forces. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
- ^ "Óglaigh na hÉireann: An Struchtúr Céime". Irish Defence Forces. Retrieved 11 February 2007.Template:Ga icon (Defence Forces ranks in Irish)
- ^ Bell, J. Bowyer. The Gun in Politics: An Analysis of Irish Political Conflict, 1916-1986. ISBN 088738126X.
- ^ Moloney, Ed (2002). A Secret History of the IRA. p. 571. ISBN 0-71-399665-X.
- ^ YouTube - The Ulster Troubles (Part 17 of 24)
- ^ "South Belfast - Plaques". CAIN. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
- ^ "West Belfast - Memorials". CAIN. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
- ^ "West Belfast - Murals". CAIN. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
- ^ Dillon, Martin (1990). The Dirty War. Hutchinson. p. 468. ISBN 0-09-984520-2.