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Walhaz is a reconstructed Proto-Germanic word meaning 'foreigner',^[1]^[2] or more specifically 'Roman', 'Romance-speaker' or '(romanized) Celt', and survives in English as 'Welsh'.^[1]^[3] The term was used by the ancient Germanic peoples to describe inhabitants of the former Roman Empire, who were largely romanised and spoke Latin languages (cf. Valland in Old Norse).^[1]^[3] The adjectival form is attested in Old Norse valskr, meaning 'French'; Old High German walhisk, meaning 'Romance'; New High German welsch, used in Switzerland and South Tyrol for Romance speakers; Dutch Waals 'Walloon'; Old English welisċ, wælisċ, wilisċ, meaning 'Brythonic'. The forms of these words imply that they are descended from a Proto-Germanic form *walhiska-.^[3]

From Walhaz to welsch*

*Walhaz is a loanword derived from the name of the Celtic tribe which was known to the Romans as Volcae (in the writings of Julius Caesar) and to the Greeks as Οὐόλκαι Ouólkai (Strabo and Ptolemy).^[2]^[4] The Volcae tribe occupied territory neighbouring that of the Germanic people and seem to have been referred to by the proto-Germanic name *Walhaz (plural *Walhōz, adjectival form *walhiska-). It is assumed that this term specifically referred to the Volcae, because application of Grimm's law to that word produces the form *Walh-. Subsequently, this term *Walhōz was applied rather indiscriminately to the southern neighbours of the Germanic people, as evidenced in geographic names such as Walchgau and Walchensee in Bavaria.^[3] Place names containing the element *walbaz denote communities or enclaves in the Germanic-speaking world where Romance was spoken, such as Waalwijk in North Brabant, Netherlands and Walcbensee in Bavaria, Germany.^[1]

From Walhaz to Vlach*

In Old English, *:walbaz developed into wealh, retaining the inherited meaning ‘a foreigner, more particularly a pre-Anglo-Saxon inhabitant of Britain who spoke Celtic or Latin or both’. It also came to imply the 'social position of the British natives that in the West Saxon dialect of Old English' and came to mean ‘(British) slave’. The old feminine derivative of *walhaz, Old English wiln < *wielen < * wealh-in-, even exclusively means ‘a female slave’ and is likewise concentrated in the Saxon south of England.^[1]

From the Slavs the term passed to other peoples, such as the Hungarians (oláh, referring to Vlachs, more specifically Romanians, olasz, referring to Italians), Turks (Ulahlar) and Byzantines (Βλάχοι Vláhi) and was used for all Latin people of the Balkans.^[5]

Notable people

Jeremiah of Wallachia (Italian: Geremia da Valacchia) (Jon Stoika, 1556–1625), Capuchin priest, b. in Tzazo, Moldavia ("Vallachia Minor" or "Piccola Valacchia", i.e. Small Wallachia) Romania, beatified in 1983
Nicolaus Olahus (Latin for Nicholas, the Vlach; Hungarian: Oláh Miklós, Romanian: Nicolae Valahul) (1493–1568), Archbishop of Esztergom
Marie Countess Walewska (née Łączyńska; Polish: Maria Walewska; 7 December 1786 – 11 December 1817) was a Polish noblewoman and a mistress of Emperor Napoleon I

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Schrijver, Peter. Language Contact And The Origins Of The Germanic Languages. p. 20.
^ ^a ^b Ringe, Don (2006). Germanic Languages Pack. Oxford University Press. p. 296.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Arend Quak (2005). "Van Ad Welschen naar Ad Waalsen of toch maar niet?" (PDF) (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
^ Ringe, Don. "Inheritance versus lexical borrowing: a case with decisive sound-change evidence." Language Log, January 2009.
^ Kelley L. Ross (2003). "Decadence, Rome and Romania, the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History". The Proceedings of the Friesian School. Retrieved 13 January 2008. Note: The Vlach Connection

[Schrijver-1] Schrijver, Peter. Language Contact And The Origins Of The Germanic Languages. p. 20.

[Ringe_GPL-2] Ringe, Don (2006). Germanic Languages Pack. Oxford University Press. p. 296.

[Quak_2005-3] Arend Quak (2005). "Van Ad Welschen naar Ad Waalsen of toch maar niet?" (PDF) (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2015.

[Ringe_2009-4] Ringe, Don. "Inheritance versus lexical borrowing: a case with decisive sound-change evidence." Language Log, January 2009.

[5] Kelley L. Ross (2003). "Decadence, Rome and Romania, the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History". The Proceedings of the Friesian School. Retrieved 13 January 2008. Note: The Vlach Connection

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 '''''Walhaz''''' is a reconstructed [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] word meaning 'foreigner',<ref name="Schrijver" /><ref name="Ringe GPL">{{Cite book |last=Ringe |first=Don |title=Germanic Languages Pack | url=https://archive.org/details/anglosaxondictionary_202001/From%20Proto-Indo-European%20to%20Proto-Germanic/page/296/mode/1up?q=Walhaz |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |pages=296}}</ref> or more specifically 'Roman', 'Romance-speaker' or '(romanized) Celt', and survives in English as '[[Welsh people|Welsh]]'.<ref name="Schrijver">{{Cite book |last=Schrijver |first=Peter  |url=http://archive.org/details/schrijver-peter-language-contact-and-the-origins-of-the-germanic |title=Language Contact And The Origins Of The Germanic Languages |pages=20}}</ref><ref name="Quak 2005" /> The term was used by the ancient Germanic peoples to describe inhabitants of the former [[Roman Empire]], who were largely [[romanised]] and spoke Latin languages (cf. [[Valland]] in [[Old Norse]]).<ref name="Schrijver" /><ref name="Quak 2005" /> The adjectival form is attested in Old Norse ''{{lang|non|valskr}}'', meaning 'French'; [[Old High German]] ''{{lang|goh|walhisk}}'', meaning 'Romance'; [[New High German]] ''{{lang|de|welsch}}'', used in [[Switzerland]] and [[South Tyrol]] for [[Romance languages|Romance]] speakers; [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''{{lang|nl|Waals}}'' '[[Walloons|Walloon]]'; [[Old English]] ''{{lang|ang|welisċ}}'', ''{{lang|ang|wælisċ}}'', ''{{lang|ang|wilisċ}}'', meaning '[[Yr Hen Ogledd|Brythonic]]'. The forms of these words imply that they are descended from a Proto-Germanic form ''*walhiska-''.<ref name="Quak 2005">{{cite web |author=Arend Quak |date=2005 |title=Van Ad Welschen naar Ad Waalsen of toch maar niet? |url=http://cf.hum.uva.nl/dsp/nederlandsetaalkunde/NTKonderzoek-quak.pdf |access-date=7 January 2015 |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206215140/http://cf.hum.uva.nl/dsp/nederlandsetaalkunde/NTKonderzoek-quak.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+==From ''*Walhaz'' to ''welsch''==
-{{Lang|mis|*Walhaz}}<!-- Proto-Germanic --> is a [[loanword]] derived from the name of the Celtic tribe which was known to the Romans as [[Volcae]] (in the writings of [[Julius Caesar]]) and to the Greeks as {{Lang|grc|Οὐόλκαι}} {{Lang|grc-latn|Ouólkai}} ([[Strabo]] and [[Ptolemy]]).<ref name="Ringe GPL" /><ref name="Ringe 2009">Ringe, Don. "[http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1012 Inheritance versus lexical borrowing: a case with decisive sound-change evidence]." ''Language Log,'' January 2009.</ref> The Volcae tribe occupied territory neighbouring that of the Germanic people and seem to have been referred to by the [[proto-Germanic language|proto-Germanic]] name {{Lang|mis|*Walhaz}}<!-- Proto-Germanic --> (plural {{Lang|mis|*Walhōz}}<!-- Proto-Germanic -->, adjectival form {{Lang|mis|*walhiska-}}<!-- Proto-Germanic -->). It is assumed that this term specifically referred to the [[Volcae]], because application of [[Grimm's law]] to that word produces the form {{Lang|mis|*Walh-}}<!-- Proto-Germanic -->. Subsequently, this term {{Lang|mis|*Walhōz}}<!-- Proto-Germanic --> was applied rather indiscriminately to the southern neighbours of the Germanic people, as evidenced in geographic names such as [[Walchgau]] and [[Walchensee]] in Bavaria.<ref name="Quak 2005"/>
+{{Lang|mis|*Walhaz}}<!-- Proto-Germanic --> is a [[loanword]] derived from the name of the Celtic tribe which was known to the Romans as [[Volcae]] (in the writings of [[Julius Caesar]]) and to the Greeks as {{Lang|grc|Οὐόλκαι}} {{Lang|grc-latn|Ouólkai}} ([[Strabo]] and [[Ptolemy]]).<ref name="Ringe GPL" /><ref name="Ringe 2009">Ringe, Don. "[http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1012 Inheritance versus lexical borrowing: a case with decisive sound-change evidence]." ''Language Log,'' January 2009.</ref> The Volcae tribe occupied territory neighbouring that of the Germanic people and seem to have been referred to by the [[proto-Germanic language|proto-Germanic]] name {{Lang|mis|*Walhaz}}<!-- Proto-Germanic --> (plural {{Lang|mis|*Walhōz}}<!-- Proto-Germanic -->, adjectival form {{Lang|mis|*walhiska-}}<!-- Proto-Germanic -->). It is assumed that this term specifically referred to the [[Volcae]], because application of [[Grimm's law]] to that word produces the form {{Lang|mis|*Walh-}}<!-- Proto-Germanic -->. Subsequently, this term {{Lang|mis|*Walhōz}}<!-- Proto-Germanic --> was applied rather indiscriminately to the southern neighbours of the Germanic people, as evidenced in geographic names such as [[Walchgau]] and [[Walchensee]] in Bavaria.<ref name="Quak 2005"/> Place names containing the element *walbaz denote communities or enclaves in the Germanic-speaking world where Romance was spoken, such as [[Waalwijk]] in [[North Brabant]], Netherlands and Walcbensee in [[Bavaria]], Germany.<ref name="Schrijver" />
+==From ''*Walhaz'' to ''Vlach''==
-Place names containing the element *walbaz denote communities or enclaves in the Germanic-speaking world where Romance was spoken, such as [[Waalwijk]] in [[North Brabant]], Netherlands and Walcbensee in [[Bavaria]], Germany.<ref name="Schrijver" /> In Old English, *:walbaz developed into wealh, retaining the inherited meaning ‘a foreigner, more particularly a pre-Anglo-Saxon inhabitant of Britain who spoke Celtic or Latin or both’. It also came to imply the 'social position of the British natives that in the West Saxon dialect of Old English' and came to mean ‘(British) slave’. The old feminine derivative of *walhaz, Old English wiln < *wielen < * wealh-in-, even exclusively means ‘a female slave’ and is likewise concentrated in the Saxon south of England.<ref name="Schrijver" />
+{{Main|Vlachs}}
+{{wiktionary|Vlach}}
+In Old English, *:walbaz developed into wealh, retaining the inherited meaning ‘a foreigner, more particularly a pre-Anglo-Saxon inhabitant of Britain who spoke Celtic or Latin or both’. It also came to imply the 'social position of the British natives that in the West Saxon dialect of Old English' and came to mean ‘(British) slave’. The old feminine derivative of *walhaz, Old English wiln < *wielen < * wealh-in-, even exclusively means ‘a female slave’ and is likewise concentrated in the Saxon south of England.<ref name="Schrijver" />
 From the Slavs the term passed to other peoples, such as the [[Hungarians]] ({{Lang|hu|oláh}}, referring to [[Vlachs]], more specifically [[Romanians]], {{Lang|ro|olasz}}, referring to Italians), [[Turkish people|Turks]] ({{Lang|tr|Ulahlar}}) and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] ({{Lang|grc|Βλάχοι}} {{Lang|grc-latn|Vláhi}}) and was used for all Latin people of the [[Balkans]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Decadence, Rome and Romania, the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History|journal=The Proceedings of the Friesian School|author= Kelley L. Ross|year=2003|quote=Note: The Vlach Connection|url=http://www.friesian.com/decdenc2.htm|access-date=13 January 2008}}</ref>

Revision as of 21:31, 17 November 2022

From *Walhaz to welsch

From *Walhaz to Vlach

Notable people

See also

References

From Walhaz to welsch*

From Walhaz to Vlach*