Ḫaḫḫum
Ḫaḫḫum, also known as Hahha, was a city in ancient Mesopotamia located near the Balikh river. Hahnum was located near a trade route.[1][2]
History
[edit]Ḫaḫḫum was a center of textile and wool in Anatolia.[3] As well as gold for Sumeria.[4] It was located near a trade route to the Assyrian city of Kaneš, which later became the Hittite city Neša, and is now the Turkish archaeological site known as Kültepe.[1][2][5]
Relationship with the Assyrians
[edit]During a period of unrest in the city sometime before 1835 BCE, caused by a rebellion against Assyria, the merchants postponed all commercial activities.[6] One trade agreement between the Assyrians, Kültepe, and Ḫaḫḫum was discovered in Kültepe. The treaty laid out terms on the textile, lapis lazuli, iron, and silver trade. The treaty also provides protections for lost goods. If goods were lost, the state would be obligated to search for it. If the goods could not be found, the owner would be compensated. It also mentions that if an Assyrian's blood was spilt in Ḫaḫḫum then the city of Ḫaḫḫum was required to send the aggressor to Assyria where he would be executed. Other laws regarding Assyrians were mentioned in the text. It states that citizens could not covet an Assyrian's wealth and the state could not forcibly confiscate their wealth. Also, indebted Assyrians that left the city could not have their debt be repaid by any other persons and Assyrians could not be punished with hard labor. The treaty invoked the Assyrian deities as part of the oath.[7][8]
Relationship with the Hittites
[edit]The city was conquered by Hittites during the reign of King Hattusili I. Hattiusili worked with the city of Tikuani to conquer Ḫaḫḫum during his Second Syrian Campaign.[9] Despite this, Hattusili was also the one who freed the city.[10][11]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Frahm, Eckart (2017-03-24). A Companion to Assyria. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-32523-0.
- ^ a b Homan, Zenobia Sabrina (2019-12-16). Mittani Palaeography. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-41724-3.
- ^ Arbuckle, Benjamin S; McCarty, Sue (2014). Tracing Inequality from Assur to Kültepe/Kanesh: Merchants, Donkeys, and Clay Tablets. University Press of Colorado.
- ^ Limet, H. (1960). Le Travail du metal au pays de Sumer au temps de la IIIe dynastie d'Ur. Paris.
- ^ Alster, Bendt, and Takayoshi Oshima. “Sargonic Dinner at Kaneš: The Old Assyrian Sargon Legend.” Iraq, vol. 69, 2007, pp. 1–20. JSTOR
- ^ Kuzuoğlu, Remzİ (2011). "Three Kültepe Texts concerning Rebellions". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 70: 25–33. doi:10.1086/658475. S2CID 162252742 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Donbaz, Veysel. “An Old Assyrian Treaty from Kültepe.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 57, 2005, pp. 63–68. JSTOR
- ^ Sasson, Jack M. “Scruples: Extradition in the Mari Archives.” Wiener Zeitschrift Für Die Kunde Des Morgenlandes, vol. 97, 2007, pp. 453–473. JSTOR
- ^ Van de Mieroop, Marc. "Sargon of Agade and his Successors in Anatolia." Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 42.1 (2000): 133-159
- ^ Arena, Valentina (2020-12-17). Liberty: Ancient Ideas and Modern Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-24577-6.
- ^ Bryce, Trevor (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press.