1802 in science

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The year 1802 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

March 28 – H. W. Olbers discovers the second asteroid Pallas.
Sir William Herschel first uses the term binary star to refer to a star which revolves around another star and coins the term asteroid.^[1]^[2]

Biology

Pierre André Latreille begins publication of his Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des crustacés et insectes.
George Montagu publishes his Ornithological Dictionary; or Alphabetical Synopsis of British Birds.
In the history of evolutionary thought
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck publishes Recherches sur l'Organisation des Corps Vivants, proposing that all life is organized in a vertical chain of progressive complexity.^[3]
- Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus begins publication of Biologie; oder die Philosophie der lebenden Natur, proposing a theory of the transmutation of species.

Chemistry

July – William Hyde Wollaston notes the discovery of the noble metal palladium.
Charles's law (the "law of volumes"), describing how gases tend to expand when heated, is first published in France by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac.^[4]
Thomas Wedgwood describes a method of creating (but not fixing) photographs using silver nitrate.^[5]

Ecology

Civil engineer and geographer François Antoine Rauch publishes Harmonie hydro-végétale et météorologique: ou recherches sur les moyens de recréer avec nos forêts la force des températures et la régularité des saisons par des plantations raisonnées in Paris, arguing against deforestation.

Geology

James Smithson proves that zinc carbonates are true carbonate minerals and not zinc oxides, as was previously thought.^[6]^[7]
John Playfair publishes Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth in Edinburgh, popularising James Hutton's theory of geology.
James Sowerby begins to issue his British Mineralogy, or, coloured figures intended to elucidate the mineralogy of Great Britain in London, the first comprehensive illustrated reference work on the subject.

Medicine

June – The first pediatric hospital, the Hôpital des Enfants Malades, opens in Paris, on the site of a previous orphanage.^[8]
London Fever Hospital founded.
Charles Bell publishes The Anatomy of the Brain, Explained in a Series of Engravings.^[9]

Meteorology

December – Luke Howard presents the basis of the modern classification and nomenclature of clouds, at a lecture in London.

Physics

Johann Wilhelm Ritter builds the first electrochemical cell.^[10]^[11]

Surveying

April 10 – Great Trigonometric Survey of India begins with the measurement of a baseline near Madras.

Technology

November 5 – Marc Isambard Brunel begins installation of his blockmaking machinery at Portsmouth Block Mills in England.^[12]
George Bodley of Exeter in England patents the first enclosed kitchen stove.^[13]^[14]

Publications

January 2 – Rev. Abraham Rees begins publication in London of The New Cyclopædia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.^[15]

Awards

Copley Medal: William Hyde Wollaston

Births

February 6 – Charles Wheatstone, English inventor (died 1875)
August 5 – Niels Henrik Abel, Norwegian mathematician (died 1829)
October 10 – Hugh Miller, Scottish geologist (suicide 1856)
December 15 – János Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (died 1860)

Deaths

April 14 – John Mackay, Scottish botanist (born 1772)
April 18 – Erasmus Darwin, English author of Zoonomia (born 1731)
November 16 – André Michaux, French botanist (born 1746)

References

^ Herschel, William (6 May 1802). "Observations on the two lately discovered celestial Bodies". Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Hilton, James L. (2001-09-17). "When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets?". Archived from the original on 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2006-08-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1905). From the Greeks to Darwin: an outline of the development of the evolution idea (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan. p. 160.
^ Gay-Lussac, J. L. "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs". Annales de chimie. XLIII: 137. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 354. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
^ "Who was James Smithson? – A Man of Science". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-18.
^ Smithson, James (1803). "A Chemical Analysis of Some Calamines". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Pt. I. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
^ Ballbriga, Angel (1991). "One century of pediatrics in Europe". In Nichols, Burford L. et al. (eds) (ed.). History of Paediatrics 1850–1950. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. Vol. 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-88167-695-0. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
^ Jacyna, L. S. (2004). "Bell, Sir Charles (1774–1842)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1999. Retrieved 2011-04-06. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
^ Berg, Hermann (2008). "Johann Wilhelm Ritter: the Founder of Scientific Electrochemistry". Review of Polarography. 54 (2): 99–103. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
^ Wetzels, Walter D. (1978). "J. W. Ritter: the Beginnings of Electrochemistry in Germany". Selected Topics in the History of Electrochemistry. Princeton: Electrochemical Society. pp. 68–73. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
^ Bagust, Harold (2006). The Greater Genius? – a biography of Marc Isambard Brunel. Hersham: Ian Allan. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7110-3175-3.
^ Cornforth, David; Speight, Anne (2009-05-03). "Bodley & Co". Exeter Memories. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
^ "The History of Ranges". Tarvin: Antique Fireplaces & Ranges. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
^ Underwood, John (Spring–Summer 2010). "The subversive encyclopedia". Science Museum Library & Archives Newsletter. Science Museum at Wroughton. Retrieved 2011-11-12.

[1] Herschel, William (6 May 1802). "Observations on the two lately discovered celestial Bodies". Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[2] Hilton, James L. (2001-09-17). "When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets?". Archived from the original on 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2006-08-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[3] Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1905). From the Greeks to Darwin: an outline of the development of the evolution idea (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan. p. 160.

[4] Gay-Lussac, J. L. "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs". Annales de chimie. XLIII: 137. Retrieved 29 September 2010.

[5] Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 354. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.

[6] "Who was James Smithson? – A Man of Science". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-18.

[7] Smithson, James (1803). "A Chemical Analysis of Some Calamines". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Pt. I. Retrieved 25 February 2011.

[8] Ballbriga, Angel (1991). "One century of pediatrics in Europe". In Nichols, Burford L. et al. (eds) (ed.). History of Paediatrics 1850–1950. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. Vol. 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-88167-695-0. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)

[9] Jacyna, L. S. (2004). "Bell, Sir Charles (1774–1842)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1999. Retrieved 2011-04-06. (subscription or UK public library membership required)

[10] Berg, Hermann (2008). "Johann Wilhelm Ritter: the Founder of Scientific Electrochemistry". Review of Polarography. 54 (2): 99–103. Retrieved 9 July 2010.

[11] Wetzels, Walter D. (1978). "J. W. Ritter: the Beginnings of Electrochemistry in Germany". Selected Topics in the History of Electrochemistry. Princeton: Electrochemical Society. pp. 68–73. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

[12] Bagust, Harold (2006). The Greater Genius? – a biography of Marc Isambard Brunel. Hersham: Ian Allan. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7110-3175-3.

[13] Cornforth, David; Speight, Anne (2009-05-03). "Bodley & Co". Exeter Memories. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

[14] "The History of Ranges". Tarvin: Antique Fireplaces & Ranges. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

[15] Underwood, John (Spring–Summer 2010). "The subversive encyclopedia". Science Museum Library & Archives Newsletter. Science Museum at Wroughton. Retrieved 2011-11-12.

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