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2008–09 South Pacific cyclone season

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2008–09 South Pacific cyclone season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedDecember 1, 2008
Last system dissipatedApril 11, 2009
Strongest storm
NameLin
 • Maximum winds110 km/h (70 mph)
(10-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure975 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Total disturbances15
Total depressions12
Tropical cyclones6
Severe tropical cyclones0 (Record low)
Total fatalities11
Total damage$65 million (2009 USD)
Related articles
South Pacific tropical cyclone seasons
2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11

The 2008–09 South Pacific cyclone season began on December 1, 2008 with the formation of Tropical Disturbance 01F. This was 30 days after the season had officially begun on November 1, 2008.[1] The season officially ended on April 30, 2009. Tropical cyclones that were between 160°E and 120°W and north of 25°S were monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service. Those that moved south of 25°S were monitored by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (TCWC) in Wellington, New Zealand.[1]

During the season, there were 15 Tropical Disturbances with 12 of them intensifying into Tropical Depressions, which were monitored by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in Nadi, Fiji, which is a part of the Fiji Meteorological Service. Only five of the Tropical Depressions intensified into Tropical Cyclones which were named Hettie, Innis, Joni, Ken, and Lin. Both Cyclone Innis and Cyclone Hettie had peak wind speeds of 75 km/h (45 mph) which made them Category One cyclones on the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale, whilst Cyclone Ken had wind speeds of 95 km/h (60 mph). Cyclones Joni and Lin had peak wind speeds of 100 km/h (65 mph) and 110 km/h, (70 mph) respectively which made them Category 2 cyclones. Cyclone Jasper also moved into the region from the Australian basin at its peak wind speeds of 100 km/h (65 mph) which made it a Category Two cyclone. For the first time since the 1994-95 tropical cyclone season there were no tropical cyclones that developed into a Severe Tropical Cyclone, which have winds of at least 120 km/h (75 mph).

Seasonal forecasts

Source
Record		 Tropical
Cyclone		 Severe
Tropical Cyclone		 Ref
Record high: 1997–98:16 1982–83:10
Record low: 2003–04: 3 1994-95:1
NIWA 8–10  -
FMS 9 4.5
Actual activity 7 0
References:[2][3][4]

During September and October 2008, both RSMC Nadi and New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) issued seasonal forecasts which contained information on how many tropical cyclones that were predicted to develop within the upcoming season. Both agencies expected that the season would see a near average amount of tropical cyclone activity within the South Pacific basin as ENSO neutral conditions were predicted to last throughout the season. As a result of these conditions, RSMC Nadi and NIWA both predicted that 5–8 tropical cyclones would exist within the basin.

Season summary

Cyclone Lin (2009)Cyclone Innis (2009)Cyclone Hettie (2009)Tropical Depression 04F (2009)Tropical cyclone scales#Comparisons across basins

During the 2008–09 season, fifteen Tropical disturbances passed through RSMC Nadi's area of responsibility. Of these fifteen disturbances only eleven developed into Tropical Depressions, with a further five becoming Tropical cyclones within RSMC Nadi's area of responsibility with a further three cyclones forming within the Coral sea. No Tropical Cyclone intensified into a Severe Tropical cyclones this season to the east of 160E, with only Cyclone Hamish intensifying into one to the west of 160E.

Notable Tropical depressions include Tropical Depression 04F, which caused Fiji's second worst natural disasters. Tropical Depression 08F, which intensified into Cyclone Hettie becoming the first tropical cyclone to form this season. Tropical Depression 10F brought heavy rains to Vanuatu and before making landfall on New Caledonia intensified into Category One Tropical Cyclone Innis. After it made landfall Innis became the first Tropical Depression to move into TCWC Brisbane's Area of responsibility since Cyclone Larry. Cyclones Joni and Ken both threatened the Southern Cook Islands however the only impact they had was minimal. Cyclone Jasper then moved into the region early on March 24 at peak intensity, having developed inside TCWC Brisbane's area of responsibility two days earlier. The final Tropical Depression this year to develop was Tropical Cyclone Lin near to the Lau Group of Fiji and Tonga.

Storms

Tropical Depression 02F

Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationDecember 3 – December 6
Peak intensity45 km/h (30 mph) (10-min);
1004 hPa (mbar)

Early on December 3, RSMC Nadi reported that a Tropical Disturbance had formed near the Southern Cook Islands and was located in a moderately sheared environment and was moving towards the southeast.[5][6] Deep Convection had been present around a well-defined cyclonic circulation for the previous 24 hours.[6] Over the next day the disturbance gradually developed with RSMC Nadi upgrading it to a Tropical Depression later that day whilst it was moving between Niue and the Southern Cook Islands.[7] Over the next couple of days the depression gradually weakened with convection which was located in the southern and eastern quadrants became sheared and the low level circulation centre became exposed as it moved into an area of cooler sea surface temperatures.[8] Late on December 6 RSMC Nadi issued their final advisory on the depression as it moved into TCWC Wellingtons area of responsibility and was expected to become a mid latituted low pressure system within 12 hours.[9]

Tropical Disturbance 03F

Tropical disturbance (Australian scale)
 
DurationDecember 10 – December 11
Peak intensity35 km/h (25 mph) (10-min);
1001 hPa (mbar)

Late on December 10, RSMC Nadi reported that a Tropical disturbance had formed near to the western edge of their area of responsibility.[10] The disturbance had no definite low level circulation center with convection confined to the north quadrant of the disturbance.[10] The disturbance lied to the west of an upperlevel anticyclone and was located in an area of moderately sheared environment.[10] Early the next day, RSMC Nadi issued their final advisory on the disturbance as it was difficult to locate the low level circulation center as there seemed to be a more dominant cyclonic circulation to the northwest of 03F which they reported might have engulfed the system.[11]

Tropical Depression 04F

Main article: Tropical Depression 04F (2009)
Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationJanuary 4 – January 12
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min);
994 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Depression 04F formed late on January 4, as a weak tropical disturbance near to the eastern edge of RSMC Nadi's responsibility.[12] The disturbance then rapidly organised itself sufficiently to be classified as Tropical Depression 04F early the next morning.[13] Over the next couple of days the depression moved towards the southeast, before on January 8 as it started to bring heavy rainfall to Fiji.[14] RSMC Nadi then issued their final advisory on it later that day, as it was now an extratropical depression. However late the next day RSMC Nadi started to reissue advisories on the depression and immediately passed primary warning responsibility for it to the Tropical Cyclone Warning Center in Wellington, who issued warnings on the depression until early on January 12 when they issued their last advisory.

Floods and mudslides caused by the depression killed at least eleven people in Fiji. Several towns and rural areas on Viti Levu were flooded.[15]

Tropical Depression 05F

Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationJanuary 11 – January 14
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
999 hPa (mbar)

On January 11, RSMC Nadi reported that a tropical depression had formed to the south of the Solomon Islands and was just inside TCWC Brisbane's area of responsibility, and started issuing Tropical Disturbance Summaries on it. As the depression moved into RSMC Nadi’s area of responsibility it was designated as 05F. Nadi reported at this time that whilst the depression had a low to moderate chance of forming into a tropical cyclone within 48 hours, there was an upper trough of low pressure that could provide an opportunity for the depression to either rapidly or explosively develop. Despite fair conditions, it dissipated without ever becoming a cyclone.

Tropical Depression 06F

Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationJanuary 19 – January 23
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
1005 hPa (mbar)

Late on January 19, RSMC Nadi reported that a tropical disturbance had formed in a monsoonal trough of low pressure about 940 km to the north west of Papeete, in French Polynesia. Convection was confined to the northeast of the low level circulation and was disorganised.[16][17][18] Late the next day whilst the disturbance was moving to the east and into an area of higher vertical wind shear, RSMC Nadi upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression despite its low level circulation centre being exposed and lying to the west of the deep convection.[18] During the next morning as it interacted with another disturbance to the northwest the depression reached its peak wind speeds of 55 km/h, (35 mph)[19][20] Over the next couple of days th depression moved towards the south before late on January 23 RSMC Nadi issued their final advisory on the depression as it was expected to become a hybird system within 24 hours.[21]

Tropical Depression 07F

Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationJanuary 23 – January 25
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min);
1006 hPa (mbar)

On January 23, RSMC Nadi reported that a Tropical Depression had formed, to the southwest of American Samoa. Later that day as the Depression moved towards the east they downgraded the Depression to a Tropical Disturbance as the Low Level Circulation Center was exposed and located in an environment of moderate to strong vertical wind shear.[22] During the morning of January 24 the Tropical Disturbance was reupgraded to a Tropical Depression and assigned the Tropical Depression the designation of 07F.[23] Later that day the tropical depression reached its peak wind speeds of 65 km/h (40 mph).[24] Early the next day RSMC Nadi released their final Tropical Disturbance Summary as the Tropical Depression had lost all tropical characteristics.[25]

Tropical Cyclone Hettie

Category 1 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJanuary 24 – January 31
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min);
995 hPa (mbar)

On January 24, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Disturbance 08F had developed within the monsoon trough and an area of minimal vertical windshear to the north of the Fijian dependency Rotuma.[26] During the next day the disturbance moved towards the southeast and developed into a tropical depression while it was located near Rotuma.[26] Over the next 3 days, the depression continued to move south-eastwards between Fiji and Tonga while intensifying slowly against stronger vertical windshear. before RSMC Nadi and the JTWC reported that the depression had developed into a tropical cyclone during January 28.

Cyclone Hettie did not directly affect any inhabited land areas.[26]

Tropical Depression 09F

Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationFebruary 1 – February 5
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
998 hPa (mbar)

On February 1, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Depression 09F had developed within the monsoon trough about 575 km (355 mi)* to the northeast of Port Vila, Vanautu.

Late on February 1, a Tropical disturbance formed about 645 km (401 mi) to the west of Vanuatu and was embedded in a monsoonal trough. It quickly organized itself and thus later that day, it was upgraded to Tropical Depression 09F. At this time the Low Level Circulation Center was exposed as strong vertical wind shear and deep convection was displaced to the north of Low Level Circulation Center. The next morning the JTWC reported that deep convection, was located over the western boundary, of the depression's low level circulation center. Strong shear also still existed over the system, with deep convection still being displaced to the north of the system. The next morning RSMC Nadi reported that the Low Level Circulation Center was obscured with indications of good inflow bands flowing into the depression from the north and west.

Early on February 5, RSMC Nadi issued its final advisory on the depression, as the systems low level circulation centre had become sheared and exposed.[27]

Tropical Cyclone Innis

Category 1 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationFebruary 13 – February 18
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min);
990 hPa (mbar)

On February 13, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Depression 10F had developed within an active convergence zone, about halfway between Fiji and Vanuatu.[26][28] Over the next 2 days the system gradually developed further as it moved westwards, before it passed over Vanautu during February 15, with hostile environmental conditions influencing the systems chances of becoming a tropical cyclone.[26] As it left Vanuatu the system turned towards the southwest and started to move towards New Caledonia as outflow over the depression developed while bands of convection began to wrap around the centre.[26][29] During February 16, as the system approached New Caledonia, RSMC Nadi noted that future prospects of the system becoming a tropical cyclone were being undermined by increasing vertical windshear and land interaction.[26] As a result of this RSMC Nadi subsequently issued their final warning on the system, however early the next day RSMC Nadi started to reissue warnings after the system had crossed New Caledonia and moved into an area of low vertical windshear.[26][30][31] Later that day as the system became a category one tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, RSMC Nadi named it Innis, while the JTWC initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 15P.[32]

After a brief period of further development, both the JTWC and RSMC Nadi reported that Innis had peaked with sustained windspeeds of 75 km/h (45 mph)* before vertical windshear over the system increased as an upper level low encroached on Innis from the west.[28][33][34] Later that day the primary responsibility for warnings was passed to TCWC Wellington, as the exposed low level circulation centre moved below 25°S and into their area of responsibility.[26][35] Innis was subsequently declared an extratropical cyclone early on February 18, as it briefly moved into the Australian region and TCWC Wellington issued their first warning.[26][36] The system was subsequently absorbed by a low that was moving between Australia and New Zealand, and had caused flooding within the Australian state of New South Wales.[37][38] There was no significant damage reported within New Caledonia, after Innis had affected the island and dropped over 100 mm (3.9 in) of rainfall.[39] Between February 19–20, the low containing Innis remnants brought high winds, heavy rain and some minor flooding to several parts off New Zealand including from Auckland to Stewart Island.[40] The heaviest rain was recorded in Taranaki, Canterbury and Otago, while 1 indirect death was reported after a car rolled over near Opotiki.[40]

Tropical Cyclone Joni

Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationMarch 10 – March 14
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);
980 hPa (mbar)

On March 10, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Depression 11F had developed out of an area of low pressure that had spun down from the upper levels of the troposphere, about 380 km (235 mi)* to the northeast of Rarotonga in the Southern Cook Islands.[26][41] During the next day, shear decreased sufficiently to allow significant overall development. On the evening of the 11th, with the system moving into minimal shear, and outflow aloft becoming well-established, its probability of becoming a tropical cyclone in the next 12 hours was raised to high. At 111200 UTC, it was named Joni with 35 knots close to the centre and whilst located about 40 nautical miles west-northwest of Mangaia and about 70 miles east-southeast of Rarotonga. With favourable conditions, the cyclone continued to intensify and attained storm intensity 18 hours later. Joni reached peak intensity as it neared 25 South latitude, the Nadi and Wellington border. Wellington accepted primary responsibility for further warnings beginning at 130000 UTC as the cyclone moved into their area of responsibility. Joni remained a cyclone for another day before it was downgraded to a low. As Joni was a small and compact system only minimal impact was reported in the Southern Cook Islands while some heavy rainfall was reported in Mangaia.

Tropical Cyclone Ken

Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationMarch 16 – March 19
Peak intensity95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min);
985 hPa (mbar)

Early on March 16, a tropical disturbance formed to the south of a convergence zone which was located to the east of Palmerston Island, in the Cook Islands.[42] Early that afternoon the JTWC reported that the disturbances low level circulation centre had rapidly consolidated and issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the developing system.[43] Later that day, RSMC Nadi reported that the disturbance had organised enough to be classified as Tropical Depression 12F.[44] Early the next morning, as the depression was moving towards the southeast, RSMC Nadi reported that outflow was good to the south of the depression and upgraded it to a Category 1 Cyclone, assigning the name Ken to the cyclone.[45] Later that day, the JTWC started to issue advisories on the storm and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 21P.[46]

Late on March 18, RSMC Nadi reported that Ken had reached its peak intensity with winds of 95 km/h, (60 mph), which made it a Category 2 Cyclone.[47] RSMC Nadi then passed primary warning responsibility of Cyclone Ken to TCWC Wellington who, downgraded Ken to a Category 1 Cyclone early the next day.[47][48] Ken then re-intensified into a Category 2 Cyclone later that day;[49] however it was quickly downgraded to a Category 1 Cyclone within their next advisory[50] and then was declared extratropical by both TCWC Wellington[51] and the JTWC early on March 20.[52] As an extratropical cyclone, Ken reached 1-minute windspeeds of 110 km/h (70 mph).[53] TCWC Wellington then issued their final advisory early on March 22, as it moved out of their eastern area of responsibility and was tracked by the Bureau of Meteorology for three more days as it crossed the Antarctic Peninsula into the Weddell Sea.[54][55]

Tropical Cyclone Jasper

Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationMarch 24 – March 25
Peak intensity95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min);
980 hPa (mbar)

During March 24, Cyclone Jasper moved into the South Pacific from the Australian region, while it at its peak intensity as a category 2 tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 95 km/h (60 mph).[26] At this time, convection erupted about the centre and well-corroborated by the corresponding microwave data which showed good and intense low-level circulation. Outflow over the system was good to the south but inhibited elsewhere. However, overnight, convection warmed considerably with shear tearing the cold tops to the south of the low-level centre. Later on the 25th, increasing shear and dry air entrainment caused its demise and was subsequently downgraded to a depression at 251200 UTC.

Flooding, triggered by heavy rains in northern New Caledonia, forced the evacuation of 25 families.[56] Rough seas produced by the storm caused beach erosion along the coastlines of New Caledonia. High winds caused localized structural damage and knocked down a few power lines, leaving some residents without power.[57]

Tropical Cyclone Lin

Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationMarch 31 – April 6
Peak intensity110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min);
975 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Lin (2009)

Cyclone Lin formed as a tropical depression within a monsoonal trough to the northwest of Fiji.[58] Over the next few days, the depression moved towards the southeast through the Fijian archipelago until late on April 3, when RSMC Nadi reported that the depression had intensified into a category one cyclone, and named it as Cyclone Lin.[59] The JTWC did not start issuing warnings on Lin until the next day when they designated it as Cyclone 25P while it was approaching its 10-minute peak windspeeds of 110 km/h (65 mph) and 1-minute peak windspeeds of 95 km/h (60 mph).[60][61] Cyclone Lin then reached its peak windspeeds early on April 5 as it passed directly over Tonga and then later that day as it approached the edge of RSMC Nadi's area of responsibility Lin started to go through an extratropical transition with the JTWC issuing their last advisory on it.[62] As it crossed into TCWC Wellington's area of responsibility the Cyclone was declared extratropical, however TCWC Wellington kept issuing warnings on Lin until late on April 8.[63][64]

In Tonga initial reports suggested that only vegetation had been impacted. However, it was later reported that power lines had been knocked down by high winds and the heavy rains triggered minor flooding in Nuku'alofa. Power stations in Tongatapu were also forced to close to protect the system. No one was injured by the storm but there were reports of significant crop losses. The Tongan Meteorological Service also reported that about $2000 TOP 2009, ($1000 USD 2009) worth of damage had been done to property owned by the service.

Tropical Disturbance 15F

Tropical disturbance (Australian scale)
 
DurationApril 7 – April 11 Out of basin
Peak intensity35 km/h (25 mph) (10-min);
1004 hPa (mbar)

Late on April 7, RSMC Nadi reported that a tropical disturbance had developed within the monsoon trough, about 510 km (315 mi)* to the north-east of Honiara in the Solomon Islands.[65][66] Deep convection was flaring over an elongated low level circulation centre which was in an area of low vertical wind shear.[65] Early the next morning, RSMC Nadi designated it as 15F despite the disturbance remaining poorly defined.[67] Despite a tropical wave moving through the system on April 9, the disturbance remained poorly defined with the JTWC reporting that it had dissipated early the next day before RSMC Nadi issued their last advisory early on April 11 as the disturbance moved into TCWC Brisbane's area of responsibility and was re-designated as Tropical Low 22U.[68][69][70] Over the next couple of days the disturbance remained weak as it moved towards the southern tip of Papua New Guinea.[71][72]

Other systems

On December 1, RSMC Nadi reported that the first tropical disturbance of the season, had developed to the northeast of the Samoan Islands in an area of moderate vertical wind shear.[73] The system subsequently moved westwards, before it was last noted during the next day.[74][75] Tropical Disturbance 02F subsequently developed during December 3, to the northeast of Rarotonga in the Southern Cook Islands.[76] Over the next couple of days the system moved towards the south-west, between Niue and the Southern Cook Islands and was classified as a tropical depression during December 4.[77]

The system was last noted during December 6, as it moved into TCWC Wellington's area of responsibility and transitioned into a mid latitude low pressure system within 12 hours.[78]

Season effects

This table lists all the storms that developed in the South Pacific to the east of longitude 160°E during the 2008–2009 season. It includes their intensity on the Australian Tropical cyclone intensity scale, duration, name, landfalls, deaths, and damages. All data is taken from RSMC Nadi and or TCWC Wellington. The damage figures are all 2009 USD.

Name Dates Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Category Wind speed Pressure
01F December 1 – 2 Tropical Disturbance Not Specified 1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg) None None None
02F December 3 – 7 Tropical Depression Not Specified 1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Southern Cook Islands None None
03F December 10 – 11 Tropical Depression Not Specified 1001 hPa (29.56 inHg) None None None
04F January 4 – 14 Tropical Depression Not Specified 1001 hPa (29.56 inHg) Fiji None None
05F January 11 – 14 Tropical Depression Not Specified 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) None None None
06F January 19 – 23 Tropical Depression Not Specified 1,005 hPa (29.68 inHg) None None None
07F January 23 – 25 Tropical Depression Not Specified 1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg) None None None
Hettie January 24 – 31 Category 1 tropical cyclone 65 km/h (40 mph)* 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) None None None [2]
09F February 1 – 5 Tropical Depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) New Caledonia Unknown Unknown
Innis February 13 – 18 Category 1 tropical cyclone 75 km/h (45 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Vanuatu, New Caledonia Minimal 1 [2][39][40]
Joni March 10 – 14 Category 2 tropical cyclone 95 km/h (60 mph) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) Cook Islands Minor Unknown [2]
Ken March 16 – 19 Category 2 tropical cyclone 95 km/h (60 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Unknown None [2]
Jasper March 24 – 30 Category 2 tropical cyclone 100 km/h (60 mph) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) New Caledonia Minimal None [2]
Lin March 31 – April 7 Category 2 tropical cyclone 110 km/h (70 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Fiji, Tonga $1,000 None [2]
15F April 7 – 10 Tropical Disturbance 35 km/h (25 mph) 1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg) None None None
Season aggregates
15 systems December 1 – April 10 110 km/h (70 mph) 975 hPa (28.81 inHg) >$1,000 None

See also

References

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