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85th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery

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85th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery
Country United Kingdom
RoleAnti-Tank artillery
SizeRegiment

The 85th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery was formed in September 1941 during the Second World War. After training in Essex, the 85th and their equipment were loaded on to the SS Narkunda, a ship in a “WS” Convoy. When the convoy departed the docks, the 85th was heading for Basra,[1][2] Iraq via the Cape of Good Hope.[1] The 85th's equipment was painted in desert camouflage. The convoy sailed south to Durban, South Africa. While en route, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and invaded the Philippines. The 85th were diverted from their original desert destination to Singapore as reinforcements of the Garrison there.

Origin

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The 85th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery was formed on 23 September 1941.[3] The regiment comprised four anti-tank batteries: 45, 251,[2] 270[4] and 281.

In September 1941, the 85th was camped at John Groom's Orphanage and Flower Girls’ Home[4] at Clacton-on-Sea, Essex.[2]

Batteries

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45th Battery

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The 45th Battery were in Cattistock and were detached on 29 September 1941 from the 20th Anti-Tank Regiment and posted to the 85th AT Regiment at Clacton-on-Sea. There were 126 men (Other Ranks) on the November 1941 embarkation roll.

251st Battery

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The 251st Battery were detached from the 63rd (Oxfordshire Yeomanry) Anti-Tank Regiment, a territorial unit which had its HQ at Oxford.[5] The 251st departed Portrush, Northern Ireland, on 27 September 1941 to join the 85th being formed at Butlin's Camp, Clacton-on-Sea. There were 126 men (Other Ranks) on the November 1941 embarkation roll.

270th Battery

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The 270th Battery was detached from the 68th Anti-Tank Regiment on 23 September 1941 to join the 85th AT Regiment. There were 128 men (Other Ranks) on the November 1941 embarkation roll.

281st Battery

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The 281st Battery was detached from the 70th Anti-Tank Regiment to join the 85th AT Regiment. The 281st departed Storrington on 27 September 1941. There were 126 men (Other Ranks) on the November 1941 embarkation roll.

Commander

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Lt. Col. Andrew John Lardner-Clarke

Equipment

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48 x 2-pounders.[6][7] Standard procedure was for each Battery to consist of three Troops, each of which had four 2-pdr MkII guns, for a total 12 per Battery, or 48 for the entire Regiment.

Travel

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The 85th regiment boards the converted P&O ocean liner SS Narkunda at Gourock near Greenock, Scotland on the River Clyde on 11 November 1941, as part of "Winston Special" convoy WS 12Z.[1][8] WS 12Z convoy sails just before midnight of 12/13 November.

Convoy WS 12Z arrives at Freetown, Sierra Leone on 25 November 1941.[8] The convoy leaves Freetown on 28 November 1941.

While in transit to Durban, South Africa, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. The Japanese also invade the Philippines, Malaya, Thailand and Hong Kong on 8 December 1941.

The convoy arrives at Durban, South Africa, on 18 December 1941. Because of the Japanese attacks 8 December 1941, the 85th and others were diverted from their original destinations.

On 24 December 1941, convoys WS12Z-A (Aden), WS12Z-B (Bombay) and WS12Z-M (Malaya) depart Durban. The ships in Convoy WS12Z-M, headed to reinforce Singapore, are the SS Narkunda,[9] MV Aorangi,[10] MV Sussex[11][12] and MS Abbekerk.[13][14] On 30 December 1941, USS Mount Vernon joins convoys WS12Z-A, WS12Z-B and WS12Z-M at 0832 (GMT +4). At 1000, USS Mount Vernon, escort HMS Emerald and WS12Z-M detach and become Convoy DM 1. Convoy DM 1 is headed for Maldives. [8] There was a fuelling stop at "Port T", Addu Atoll, Maldives on 4 & 5 January 1942[15] (no shore leave).[4] and then convoy DM 1 continues to Singapore.

The SS Nakunda reached Keppel Harbour, Singapore on 13 January 1942.[16]

Singapore

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The 85th were transported from the docks to Birdwood Barracks, near Changi.[2][4]

On 14 January 1942 the 85th AT Regiment was attached to 11 Indian Brigade[17] and moved some fifty miles north of Birdwood Camp to Jahore Baru[2] and began defence of Singapore. They were called into action the next day in a rubber plantation just north of the Sultan of Jahore's palace which they fought for a week.[2]

On 5 February 1942, the 85th was sent to the RAF base at Seletar to guard the airfield.[2] The next day, they evacuated the base and withdrew to the residential district of Mount Pleasant in Singapore City.[2]

On 13 February 1942, the 85th set up defensive positions at Halifax Road.[2]

Prisoners of war

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The Singapore Garrison capitulated on 15 February 1942 and the POWs were marched to Changi Prison. Subsequently, most of the POWs were enslaved and forced to work on the infamous Death Railroad.

The BRE (Bureau of Record and Enquiry), initially a secret POW group in Changi, prepared Index Rolls of all British Army forces serving in Malaya from the date of commencement of hostilities to capitulation on 15 February 1942. The 85th A/T Regt R.A. is Roll 33. [18]

The nominal Roll for the 85th totals 615 men – 41 officers and 574 Other Ranks. The mortality rate was high, with 197 men dead; mainly in Thailand, Singapore, or on a Hell Ship, but some in Formosa, China (Hong Kong), Malaysia or Japan.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Munro, Archie (2006). The Winston Specials: Troopships Via the Cape 1940-1943. Liskeard: Maritime Books. p. 227. ISBN 9781904459200.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Reed, Bill; Peeke, Mitch (2004). Lost Souls of the River Kwai. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. ISBN 1-84415-127-1.
  3. ^ Frederick, John Bassett Moore (1984). Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660-1978 Two volumes. East Ardsley, Wakefield, Yorkshire: Microform Academic. ISBN 978-1851170098.
  4. ^ a b c d Young, Stuart (2013). Life on the Death Railway. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-820-7.
  5. ^ "Royal Artillery". wartimesmemoryproject. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  6. ^ Kirby, Major-General S. Woodburn. The War Against Japan, Volume 1: The Loss of Singapore. Naval and Military Press (Feb. 13 2009). pp. 251–253. ISBN 978-1845740603.
  7. ^ Farndale, Sir Martin (2002). History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: the Far East Theatre, 1941-1946. Brassey's. p. 42. ISBN 9781857533316.
  8. ^ a b c "WS CONVOYS - July to December 1941". Naval History. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  9. ^ "SSNarkunda" (PDF). P&O Heritage. P&OSNCo 2017. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  10. ^ Goossens, Reuben. "MV Aorangi (1924)". SSMaritime. Reuben Goossens. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  11. ^ "P&O MV Sussex (1937)" (PDF). P&O Heritage. P&OSNCo 2017. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  12. ^ "MV Sussex (1937)". Scottish Built Ships. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  13. ^ Enhanneke, Peter (15 December 2009). "MSAbbekerk". ms Abbekirk. Peter Enhanneke. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  14. ^ Helgason, Gudmundur. "Abbekerk". UBoat.net. Gudmundur Helgason. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  15. ^ Kindell, Don. "APPENDIX I – PARTICULARS OF CONVOYS ESCORTED DURING JANUARY 1942 Convoy DM 1". Naval History. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  16. ^ "SS Narkunda". P & O Steam Navigation CO. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  17. ^ Blomfield, David. Oxfordshire Yeomanry Gunners 1922-1967. The Oxfordshire Yeomanry Trust. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-326-40826-8.
  18. ^ Nelson, David (2001). The Story of Changi Singapore. Singapore: Changi Museum Pte Ltd. pp. 196–197. ISBN 9780950324302.
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