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En banc

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In law, an en banc session (French for "in bench") is a session in which a case is heard before all the judges of a court (before the entire bench) rather than by one judge or a panel of judges selected from them.[1][2] The equivalent terms in banc, in banco or in bank are also sometimes seen.

En banc review is used for unusually complex cases, cases considered to be of greater importance, or when the court feels there is a particularly significant issue at stake.[2]

United States

Appellate courts in the United States sometimes grant rehearing en banc to reconsider a decision of a panel of the court (typically consisting of only three judges) in which the case concerns a matter of exceptional public importance or the panel's decision appears to conflict with a prior decision of the court.[3] In rarer instances, an appellate court will order hearing en banc as an initial matter instead of the panel hearing it first.

The Supreme Court of the United States and the highest courts of most states do not sit in panels but hear all of their cases en banc (with the exception of cases where a judge is ill or recused).

Cases in United States courts of appeals are heard by a three-judge panel. A majority of the active circuit judges may decide to hear or rehear a case en banc. Parties may suggest an en banc hearing to the judges but have no right to it. The Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure state that en banc proceedings are disfavored but may be ordered to maintain uniformity of decisions within the circuit or if the issue is exceptionally important (Fed. R. App. P. 35(a)). Each court of appeals also has particular rules regarding en banc proceedings. Under the doctrine of stare decisis, as applied in the federal court system, only a court sitting en banc or the U.S. Supreme Court can overrule a prior decision in the same circuit; in other words, one panel cannot overrule another. Certain exceptions exist whereby a panel may solicit the consent of all other judges to overrule a prior decision, thus avoiding the need for an en banc proceeding. The Seventh Circuit provides for such a process in its Circuit Rules.

Federal law provides that for courts with more than 15 judges, an en banc hearing may consist of "such number of members of its en banc courts as may be prescribed by rule of the court of appeals."[4] The Ninth Circuit, with 29 judges, uses this procedure, and its en banc court consists of 11 judges. Theoretically, the Ninth Circuit can hear the case with all judges participating. In practice, however, such a hearing has only been requested rarely; the requests have all been denied.[5][6][7] The Fifth Circuit, with 17 judges, also adopted a similar procedure in 1986. State of La. ex rel. Guste v. M/V TESTBANK, 752 F.2d 1019 (5th Cir. 1985) (en banc). The Sixth Circuit has 16 judges[8] but as of September 2016[9] it has not yet adopted such a policy; en banc cases are generally heard by all 16 judges. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, established in 1978, sat en banc for the first time in 2017 in a case concerning bulk data collection.[10]

United Kingdom

Neither the term "en banc" nor the related term "Full Court" are in common use in the UK.

The UK Supreme Court has criteria in place to determine the size of the panel that sits on any one case, and particularly important cases can be heard by a panel comprising all the justices, but this is not referred to as sitting en banc in the UK.

The UK Supreme Court has twelve justices, and cases are ordinarily decided by panels of five. The largest possible panel is 11 of the 12 justices, to prevent a deadlock. 11 judges may sit on a panel:

As of October 2019, only two cases have been heard by the maximum panel of 11 justices, both arising out of political events relating to Brexit: R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ("Miller I"),[12] which was heard by all 11 serving justices (there was one judicial vacancy at the time) and decided by an 8-3 majority, and R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland ("Miller II"), which was heard by 11 of the 12 serving justices (Lord Briggs did not sit) and decided unanimously.

Japan

The Supreme Court of Japan, which has a total of fifteen justices, ordinarily hears cases in panels of five judges, but is required to hear cases en banc (by the "Grand Bench", 大法廷 daihōtei) when ruling on most constitutional issues, when overturning a previous decision of the Supreme Court, when the five-judge panel is unable to reach a decision, and in other limited cases.[13]

Australia

Appeals to the High Court of Australia (the federal supreme court of Australia) are sometimes heard by the full bench of all seven justices. Cases that are heard by the full bench include cases of constitutional significance, or where the court is being asked to overrule a previous decision, or cases that involve principles of major public importance.[14]

The state supreme courts and the Federal Court of Australia often hear appeals by a "Full Court" of judges, but this does not normally include all the judges on the court. For example, in New South Wales, particularly important appeal cases are heard by five judges, chosen from a pool of more than a dozen appeal judges.

Some court buildings in Australia include a court room specifically called the "Banco Court", which is a large court room where the judges of the court can sit en banc. They are used for full bench hearings as well as ceremonies.

France

In France, the Court of Cassation (France) (France's highest judicial court) sometimes hears cases that represent very significant legal issues, as well as cases in which lower appeals courts have failed to apply its rulings as ordered,[15] in an en banc formation known as the Assemblée pléniaire (Plenary Session). This consists of a nineteen-member panel composed of the Chief Justice of the Court of Cassation and three members from each of the Court's six divisions.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ Legal Definition of En Banc
  2. ^ a b law.com Law Dictionary
  3. ^ Fed. R. App. P. 35(a).
  4. ^ Pub. L. 95–486
  5. ^ See Abebe v. Holder, 577 F.3d 1113 (2009); Compassion in Dying v. Washington, 85 F.3d 1440 (9th Cir. 1996); United States v. Penn, 647 F.2d 876, 889-91 (9th Cir. 1980); Campbell v. Wood, 20 F.3d 1050, 1051, 1053 (9th Cir. 1994).
  6. ^ Paul Elias (2009-11-25). "Feds seek rehearing of baseball drug list ruling". Associated Press.
  7. ^ "Feds seek rehearing of baseball drug list ruling". USA Today. 2009-11-24.
  8. ^ "U.S. Courts of Appeals; Additional Authorized Judgeships" (PDF).
  9. ^ "TYLER v. HILLSDALE COUNTY SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT" (PDF).
  10. ^ "IN RE OPINIONS & ORDERS OF THIS COURT ADDRESSING BULK COLLECTION OF DATA UNDER THE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT" (PDF). Sitting en banc for the first time in our history, we now vacate that decision.
  11. ^ Darbyshire, Penny (2015-05-19). "The UK Supreme Court - is there anything left to think about?". European Journal of Current Legal Issues. 21 (1). ISSN 2059-0881.
  12. ^ Michael Holden (30 November 2016). "Factbox: Brexit case in Britain's Supreme Court – how will it work?". Reuters. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  13. ^ "裁判所｜Court System of Japan". www.courts.go.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-25.
  14. ^ NSW Bar Association
  15. ^ Dictionnaire juridique - Assemblée pléniaire
  16. ^ Cour de cassation - About the Court
  • The dictionary definition of en banc at Wiktionary
  • The dictionary definition of banco at Wiktionary
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