Vipera ursinii
| Vipera ursinii | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Viperidae |
| Genus: | Vipera |
| Species: | V. ursinii
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| Binomial name | |
| Vipera ursinii (Bonaparte, 1835)
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Vipera ursinii is a venomous viper and a very rare species, that is in danger of extinction. It is found in France, Italy, and Greece.[5] Several subspecies are recognized.[6]
Etymology
The specific name or epithet, ursinii, is in honor of Italian naturalist Antonio Orsini (1788–1870).[7][8]
Description
Adults average 40–50 cm (15.75–19.69 inches) in total length, although specimens of 63–80 cm (24.8–31.5 inches) have been reported.[3] Females are larger than males. Although sometimes confused with V. aspis or V. berus, it differs from them in the following characters. The smallest viper in Europe, its body is thick, its head narrow, and its appearance rough. The snout is not upturned. There are always several large scales or plates on the top of the head. The prominently keeled dorsal scales are in only 19 rows, and often dark skin shows between them. It is gray, tan, or yellowish with a dark undulating dorsal stripe, which is edged with black.[9]
Common names
Meadow viper, Ursini's viper,[3] meadow adder,[4] Orsini's viper, field viper,[10] field adder.[11] Although the following subspecies are currently invalid according to the taxonomy used here, their common names may still be encountered:
- V. u. ursinii – Italian meadow viper.[10]
- V. u. macrops – karst viper,[10] karst adder.[4]
- V. u. rakosiensis – Danubian meadow viper.[10]
- V. renardi – steppe viper,[10] steppe adder, Renard's viper.[4]
- V. u. moldavica – Moldavian meadow viper.
Geographic range
Southeastern France, eastern Austria (extinct), Hungary, central Italy, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina,[12] northern and northeastern Republic of Kosovo, North Macedonia, Albania, Romania, northern Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia and across Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan steppes to China (Xinjiang).
Vipera ursinii rakosiensis is native to Hungary[13] although the taxonomic status of this subspecies is disputed (see section "Taxonomy")
The type locality is " ...monti dell'Abruzzo prossimi alla provincia d'Ascoli... " (...mountains of Abruzzo near the Province of Ascoli Piceno, Italy...).[2]
Conservation status
This species is considered to be a Vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, due to habitat destruction caused by changes in agricultural practices and climate change in mountain areas, and to collection for the pet trade.[1]
In addition, this species is listed on CITES Appendix I, which means that it is threatened with extinction if trade is not halted,[14] and is a strictly protected species (Appendix II) under the Berne Convention.[15]
Vipera ursinii is the most threatened snake in Europe. At least 12 human activities are threatening these animals: 1. Grazing 2. Mowing 3. Fire 4. Agriculture 5. Roads 6. Constructions 7. Leisure Activities 8. Afforestation 9. Cynegetic species management 10. Persecution 11. Illegal collection 12. Littering
Taxonomy
There is high genetic diversity within samples of Vipera ursinii and several species may be involved. At least six subspecies may be encountered in modern literature:[2]
- Vipera ursinii ursinii (Bonaparte, 1835)
- Vipera ursinii eriwanensis (A.F. Reuss, 1933)
- Vipera ursinii graeca Nilson & Andrén, 1988
- Vipera ursinii macrops Méhelÿ, 1911
- Vipera ursinii moldavica Nilson, Andrén & Joger, 1993
- Vipera ursinii rakosiensis Méhely, 1893
- Vipera ursinii renardi Christoph, 1861
Golay et al. (1993) recognize the first four,[2] while Mallow et al. (2003) recognize five and list V. eriwanensis and V. renardi as valid species.[3] However, McDiarmid et al. (1999), and thus ITIS, feel that more definitive data is necessary before any subspecies can be recognized.[2]
References
- ^ a b Joger, Ulrich [in German]; Isailovic, Jelka Crnobrnja; Vogrin, Milan; Corti, Claudia; Sterijovski, Bogoljub; Westerström, Alexander; Krecsák, László; Pérez Mellado, Valentin; Sá-Sousa, Paulo; Cheylan, Marc; Plezueguelos, Juan M.; Sindaco, Roberto (2009). "Vipera ursinii ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T22997A9406628. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T22997A9406628.en.
- ^ a b c d e McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Vol. 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- ^ a b c d Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
- ^ a b c d Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.
- ^ "Snakes in France". Planete Passion.
- ^ Ferchaud, Anne-Laure; Ursenbacher, Sylvain; Cheylan, Marc; Luiselli, Luca; Jelić, Dušan; Halpern, Bálint; Major, Ágnes; Kotenko, Tatiana; Keyan, Najme (2012-07-27). "Phylogeography of the Vipera ursinii complex (Viperidae): mitochondrial markers reveal an east-west disjunction in the Palaearctic region". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (10): 1836–1847. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02753.x.
- ^ Bonaparte, Carlo Luciano (1835). Iconografia della fauna italica per le quattro classi degli animali vertebrati. Tomo 2. Amfibi. Rome: Salviucci. pages unnumbered. (Pelias Ursinii, new species). (in Italian).
- ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Vipera ursinii, p. 196).
- ^ Arnold EN, Burton JA (1978). A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-219318-3. (Vipera ursinii, pp. 215–217 + Plate 39 + Map 121).
- ^ a b c d e Steward JW (1971). The Snakes of Europe. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Press (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press). ISBN 0-8386-1023-4.
- ^ Hellmich W (1962). Reptiles and Amphibians of Europe. London: Blandford Press. Translated from Winter C (1956). Die Lurche und Kriechtiere Europas. Heidelberg, Germany: Universitatsverlag, gegr. 1822, GmbH.
- ^ Jelić, Dušan; Ajtic, Rastko; Bogoljub, Sterijovski; Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Jelka; Lelo, Suvad; Tomović, Ljiljana (2013-01-31). "Distribution of the genus Vipera in the western and Central Balkans (Squamata, Serpentes, Viperidae)". Herpetozoa. 25: 109–132.
- ^ Leírás. Fertő-Hanság Nemzeti Park (Fertő-Hansag National Park of Hungary)
- ^ Vipera ursinii at CITES and United Nations Environment Programme / World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Accessed 8 October 2006.
- ^ Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Appendix II at Council of Europe. Accessed 9 October 2006.
Further reading
- Golay P, Smith HM, Broadley DG, Dixon JR, McCarthy CJ, Rage J-C, Schätti B, Toriba M (1993). Endoglyphs and Other Major Venomous Snakes of the World: A Checklist. Geneva: Azemiops.
- Latifi M (1991). The Snakes of Iran. Oxford, Ohio: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. ISBN 0-916984-22-2. (Vipera ursinii, p. 133.)
External links
- Vipera ursinii at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 2 September 2007.
- Meadow viper (Vipera ursinii ) at ARKive. Accessed 5 October 2006.
- Vipera ursinii at Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe. Accessed 9 October 2006.
- Orsini's viper, Vipera ursinii at Reptiles & Amphibians of France. Accessed 30 October 2006.
- ZAMFIRESCU, Stefan; STRUGARIU, Alexandru; GHERGHEL, Iulian; ZAMFIRESCU, Oana. "HUMAN IMPACT ON HABITATS OF THE MEADOW VIPER (VIPERA URSINII) IN EASTERN ROMANIA" (PDF). Iasi University, Faculty of Biology. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
- Vipera eriwanensis at Checklist of Armenia's Amphibians and Reptiles, Tadevosyan's Herpetological Resources. Accessed 30 March 2007.