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John Birch (Roundhead)

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Colonel
John Birch
MP, JP
John Birch's monument, St Peter & St Paul's, Weobley [a]
MP for Weobley
In office
1679–1691
MP for Penryn
In office
1661–1679
High Steward of Leominster
In office
1648–1660
MP for Leominster
In office
1646–1660
Personal details
Born7 September 1615
Ardwick Manor, near Manchester
DiedMay 10, 1691(1691-05-10) (aged 75)
Garnstone Manor, Weobly
Resting placeSt Peter and St Paul's, Weobley
NationalityEnglish
Spouse(s)Alice Deane (died 1671)
Winifred Norris (died 1717)
RelationsThomas Birch (1608-1678)
ChildrenTwo sons, three daughters
Parent(s)Samuel and Mary Birch
OccupationWine merchant, soldier, politician
Military service
Allegiance England 1642–1646
Years of service1642 to 1646
RankColonel
CommandsGovernor of Hereford 1645-1646
Battles/warsFirst English Civil War
Storming of Bristol; Basing House; Alton; Arundel; Cheriton; Cropredy Bridge; Langport; Bridgwater; Hereford; Stow-on-the-Wold; Siege of Goodrich Castle

Colonel John Birch (7 September 1615 – 10 May 1691) was an English soldier and politician, who fought for the Parliamentarian cause in the First English Civil War, and sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1646 and 1691.

Excluded from Parliament in Pride's Purge of December 1648, he was also prevented from taking his seat for Leominster under the Protectorate. After the 1660 Restoration, he sat on over 122 Parliamentary Committees, particularly those connected with finance.

Although Presbyterian by upbringing, he voted in favour of the 1673 and 1678 Test Acts, requiring holders of public office to be members of the Church of England. He himself conformed, supported the exclusion of the Catholic James II in 1679, and backed the 1689 Glorious Revolution.

Considered a "great Parliamentarian", his contemporary Gilbert Burnet summarised him as follows; "He was the roughest and boldest speaker in the House, and talked in the language and phrases of a carrier, but with a beauty and eloquence that was always acceptable. He spoke always with much life and heat, but judgment was not his talent."[1]

Biography

John Birch was born 7 September 1615, second but eldest surviving son of Samuel and Mary Birch. His father was a wealthy Presbyterian merchant, who owned Ardwick Manor, outside Manchester. He had two brothers, Samuel (1621-1683), and Thomas (1633-1700).[2] He moved to Bristol in 1633, where he set up as a wine merchant.[3]

Birch married Alice Deane (died 1671), daughter of a Bristol merchant. They had five children who lived to adulthood; John (ca. 1647 – after 1683), Samuel (died 1704), Mary (ca. 1645–1728), Elizabeth and Sarah (died 1702). There were no children from his second marriage to Winifred Norris, who died in 1717.[3]

Career

Goodrich Castle, captured by Birch in June 1646

When the First English Civil War began in 1642, Birch was a captain in the Bristol militia, and served in the Parliamentarian garrison. In the early stages, some viewed it as a break from routine, with better pay and rations than in civilian life; he later recorded some were concerned it might end too soon.[4]

When the Royalists captured the town in June 1643, the garrison was given a pass to London. With the help of Sir Arthur Haselrig, Birch was commissioned in the army commanded by William Waller, and quickly proved an energetic and courageous officer. In November 1643, he served in the first Siege of Basing House, and was slightly wounded in the Battle of Alton on 13 December. Less than a week later, he was shot in the stomach in an assault on Arundel Castle, allegedly surviving only because the cold weather stemmed the flow of blood.[5]

After recovering, he took part in the Battle of Cheriton in March 1644; at Cropredy Bridge in June, he commanded the rearguard that held the bridge long enough for Waller's main force to retreat. He later served in Wales and the south-west, and led the attack that took Hereford on 17 December 1645. He fought at Stow-on-the-Wold in March 1646, and captured Goodrich Castle in June, just before the war ended.[6]

In September 1646, Birch was elected to fill a vacancy as MP for Leominster. He was appointed High steward of Leominster in 1648, and invested heavily in purchasing church lands, which made him extremely wealthy.[7] Disputes over a peace settlement with Charles I, and religious policy split Parliament between moderates like Birch, and more radical religious Independents such as Oliver Cromwell. They dominated the New Model Army and included his cousin Thomas Birch. Although he did not take part in the Second English Civil War, he was excluded from Parliament in Pride's Purge of 6 December 1648.[8]

Although he met with Charles II prior to the Battle of Worcester in September 1651, Birch avoided direct participation; this may have been due to the influence of his cousin Thomas, who remained loyal to the Protectorate. He retained his Leominster seat throughout the Commonwealth, although he was not allowed to take his seat, and later claimed to have been arrested 21 times. After the 1660 Restoration, he was removed as High Steward of Leominster, and forced to sell his lands back to the church, ending his influence in the area. However, in 1661 he was returned as MP for Penryn, in the Cavalier Parliament.[7]

Samuel Pepys, who worked with Birch on reviewing naval costs

Although he never held high political office, Birch sat on numerous committees, especially those connected to public spending and taxes, where he proved a relentless and astute auditor. His presence on the committee to review naval expenditure after the Second Anglo-Dutch War brought him into contact with Pepys, who noted he "do take it upon him to defend us, and do mightily do me right in all his discourse".[9]

The 1662 Act of Uniformity expelled Presbyterians from the Church of England, who thus became Protestant Nonconformists. They included John, and his brother Samuel (1621-1680), who was evicted from his parish of Bampton as a result.[10] However, Birch voted for the 1673 Test Act, which required holders of public office holders to be Anglicans, and became a member of the church. This was largely due to his opposition to Catholicism, and in the Exclusion Crisis, he supported barring Charles' Catholic brother James from the throne.[7]

Birch purchased Garnstone Manor, Weobly, in 1661, giving him control of its Parliamentary seat. First elected in 1679, he held it until his death in 1691, with the exception of 1685, when he stood down following the accession of James II. He regained it after the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, and was prominent in debates over the Bill of Rights and the Revolutionary settlement.[10]

His last recorded Parliamentary appearance was in April 1690; he died at home on 10 May 1691, and was buried at St Peter and St Paul's, Weobley. The railings around his monument extended into the altar space, and were removed in 1694 by Gilbert Ironside, Bishop of Hereford; the holes are still visible.[10] His youngest daughter, Sarah, inherited Garnstone, on condition she marry her cousin, another John Birch; he held the Weobley seat almost continuously from 1701, until his death in 1735.[11]

Notes

  1. ^ Repaired after being damaged in 1694, this incorrectly gives his date of birth as 1626

References

  1. ^ Burnet 1734, pp. 90–91.
  2. ^ Burke 1838, p. 27.
  3. ^ a b Burke 1838, p. 28.
  4. ^ Ackroyd 2014, p. 249.
  5. ^ Plant 2006.
  6. ^ Hull & Whitehorne 2008, p. 38.
  7. ^ a b c Cassidy 1983.
  8. ^ Royle 2004, pp. 480–485.
  9. ^ Pepys.
  10. ^ a b c Key 2004.
  11. ^ Sedgwick 1970.

Sources

  • Ackroyd, Peter (2014). Civil War: The History of England Volume III. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230706415. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Burke, John (1838). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain, Volume 4. Henry Colburn. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Burnet, Gilbert (1734). History of My Own Time; Volume II (2015 ed.). Andesite. ISBN 978-1298711793. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Cassidy, Irene (1983). BIRCH, John (1615-91), of The Homme, nr. Leominster and Garnstone Manor, Weobley, Herefs in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660–1690 (Online ed.). CUP. ISBN 978-1107002258. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hull, Lise; Whitehorne, Stephen (2008). Great Castles of Britain & Ireland. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84773-130-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Key, Newton E (2004). "Birch, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2429. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Pepys, Samuel. "Friday 21 February 1668 in The Diary of Samuel Pepys". Pepys Diary Online. Retrieved 8 May 2020. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Plant, David (23 September 2006). "John Birch". BCW Project. Retrieved 8 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)[better source needed]
  • Royle, Trevor (2004). Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660 (2006 ed.). Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11564-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Sedgwick, Romney (1970). BIRCH, John II (c.1666-1735), of Garnstone Manor, Weobley, Herefs. in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1715–1754 (Online ed.). CUP. ISBN 978-1107002258. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Bibliography

Parliament of England
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Leominster
1645–1648
With: Walter Kyrle 		Succeeded by
Leominster not represented
Preceded by
Leominster not represented
 Member of Parliament for Leominster
1653–1661
With: Edward Freeman 1659–60
Edward Pytts 1660–61 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Penryn
1661 – 1679
With: William Pendarves 1661–73
Sir Robert Southwell from 1673 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Weobley
1679–1685
With: William Gregory 1679
John Booth 1679–1685 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Weobley
1689–1691
With: James Morgan 1689–1690
Robert Price 1690–1691 		Succeeded by
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