Giant cowbird
| Giant cowbird | |
|---|---|
| |
| M. oryzivorus in the Pantanal | |
| Giant cowbird call | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Icteridae |
| Genus: | Molothrus |
| Species: | M. oryzivorus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Molothrus oryzivorus (Gmelin, 1788)
| |
| |
| Range of M. oryzivorus. | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Scaphidura oryzivora | |
The giant cowbird (Molothrus oryzivorus) is a large passerine bird in the New World family Icteridae. It breeds from southern Mexico south to northern Argentina, and on Trinidad and Tobago. It may have relatively recently colonised the latter island.
It is associated with open woodland and cultivation with large trees, but is also the only cowbird that is found in deep forest. It is a quiet bird, particularly for an icterid, but the male has an unpleasant screeched whistle, shweeaa-tpic-tpic. The call is a sharp chek-chik. They are also very adept mimics.
Like other cowbirds, it is a brood parasite, laying its eggs in the nests of oropendolas and caciques. The eggs are of two types, either whitish and unspotted, or pale blue or green with dark spots and blotches. The host's eggs and chicks are not destroyed.
Their icterid hosts breed colonially, and defend their nests vigorously, so even a large, bold and aggressive species like the giant cowbird has to cover an extensive territory to find sufficient egg-laying opportunities. Several giant cowbird eggs may be laid in one host nest.
The male giant cowbird is 36 cm (14 in) long, weighs 180 g (6.3 oz) and is iridescent black, with a long tail, long bill, small head, and a neck ruff which is expanded in display. The female is smaller, averaging 28 cm (11 in) long and weighing 135 g (4.8 oz). She is less iridescent than the male, and the absence of the neck ruff makes her look less small-headed. Juvenile males are similar to the adult male, but browner, and with a pale, not black, bill.
This gregarious bird feeds mainly on insects, and some seeds, including rice, and forages on the ground or in trees. It rarely perches on cattle, unlike some of its relatives, but in Brazil it will ride on capybaras as it removes horse flies.[2]
References
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Molothrus oryzivorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. IUCN: e.T22724358A39896920. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22724358A39896920.en.
- ^ Robinson, Scott K. (June 1998). "Foraging Ecology and Host Relationships of Giant Cowbirds in Southeastern Peru" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 100 (2): 224–235. doi:10.2307/4162562. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
Further reading
- Skutch, Alexander F. (1954). "Giant cowbird" (PDF). Life Histories of Central American Birds. Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 31. Berkeley, California: Cooper Ornithological Society. pp. 316–320.
- New World Blackbirds by Jaramillo and Burke, ISBN 0-7136-4333-1
- ffrench, Richard (1991). A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd ed.). Comstock Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2.
- Hilty, Steven L (2003). Birds of Venezuela. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5.
External links
- Giant cowbird videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Stamps (for Mexico) with range map
- Giant cowbird photo gallery VIREO Photo-High Res
- Photo; Article geometer–"Brazil Birds"
- IUCN Red List least concern species
- Brood parasites
- Molothrus
- Birds of Central America
- Birds of the Amazon Basin
- Birds of the Guianas
- Birds of the Pantanal
- Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
- Birds of Colombia
- Birds of Venezuela
- Birds of Ecuador
- Birds of Mexico
- Birds described in 1788
- Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
- Birds of Brazil