Quqnūs
Quqnūs (Template:Lang-fa) is a 1941 poem by Nima Yooshij. Quqnūs is often referred to as an evolved Afsaneh poem that depicts She'r-e Nimaa'i both in form (rhyme and paragraph) and in meaning (social symbolism). The poem describes a myth of Quqnūs: "It is said that Quqnūs lives a thousand years, and when a thousand years pass and his life comes to an end, he gathers a lot of firewood and sits on top of it and begins to compose and flutter his wings like fire from his wings, He falls into the wood and burns himself with the wood, but from the ashes of his corpse, his chickens come out."[1] In fact, the poet uses an old myth and introduces himself as a Quqnūs that must burn in order for his thoughts and poems to be spread among the people and for other birds to spread it in the world.[2]
Context
The writing of "Quqnūs" first began in February 1938,[3] and three years later was first published in the "Journal of Music" in 1941, in the midst of World War II and the occupation of Iran.[4] The publication of Quqnūs and, shortly afterwards, the continuing articles entitled "The Value of Emotions in Artists' Lives" had a profound effect on the growth of She'r-e Nimaa'i.[5] In Quqnūs, Nima Yoshij transforms his poetry and tends to social symbolism. Before that, his poems included romanticism, realism and symbolism.[6] His social status at the time of Quqnūs's writing was coincided with the invasion of Iran and the subsequent political repression that greatly affected his morale.
Summary
Quqnūs, a well-liked bird, is famous for its cold winds and sits alone on a bamboo branch, but other birds sit around it on other branches. He recreates forgotten moans from a collection of distant sounds and creates an imaginary structure in the clouds. In the evening the sound of a jackal comes and a village man lights a fire:
The Phoenix, sweet-singing bird, known across the world
made homeless by gusts of cold wind
sits, alone, on
a stalk of bamboo
The other birds gather around him on every branch
He composes lost laments
from the tatterd shreds of a thousand distant voices,
in clouds like a dark line on mountain,
the wall of an imaginary edifice, he
builds
Ever since the yellow of the sun upon the waves
faded away, and the jackal's howl
rang out over the shore, and peasant
lit a hidden light in his home,
his eyes reflect red in his home,
draws a line under night's two eild eyes
and at far off points
people pass by— lines 1-18
Aurora appears in the sky and people are passing in distant places. In the darkness of the night Quqnūs jumps from his place and pays attention to only one flame. Where there is no plant and the sun has never shone on its rocks and where the earth and life are not pleasant, Quqnūs feels that the desire of other birds like him is black, although there is some hope in their hearts, and he feels that if he lives his life like a bird It is futile to bother to sleep and eat.
The bird, that rare song, hidden as he is
rises from where he is perched
through things tangled up
with the light and dark of this long night
he
passes
A flame out ahead, he
sees
In a place without plants, without air,
the stubborn sun breaks on the rocks,
land and life are nothing special here.
he senses that the hopes of birds like him
are dark as smoke, even if some of their dreams
are like a harvest of fire
sparkling in the eye and in their shite morning.
he senses that if his life
passed by like other birds
in sleeping and eating
it would be an unnameable pain— lines 19-37
Therefore, in the place where the small fire has turned into a burning hell, it sits on a hill and flies without flying, and then cries out, which does not mean anything to the passing birds, and then throws itself into the fire. A strong wind blows and he burns, but out of the ashes of his body, his chickens come out.
The first part of the final stanza reads,
That mellifluous bird
in that place glorifield by fire—
now turned into a hel—
keeps blinking, his sharp eyes,
darting around,
and from over the hill,
suddenly, he unfurls and flaps his wings
from the depths of his heart he lets out a cry, burning and bitter
its meaning unknoen to other passing birds.
Then, drunk from his invisible pain
[the Phoenix] throws himselsf on the awesome fire.
A violent wind blows, and the bird is burned up.
The ashes of his body are collected up,
his chicks take flight from the heart of his ashes— lines 38-52
Structure
Quqnūs is an allegorical poem,[7] Yoshij wants to convey that Phoenix does not have a safe place to live. His position is a weak branch that shakes in the wind at every moment. The birds sitting around him (but on other branches) are poets and intellectuals. In contrast, other birds are ordinary people or poets who live a normal life. Passing birds must be the same people on the street and in the bazaar. This birds's habitat is far from people. The poet is alone and alone. Moreover, the atmosphere of poetry is established at night and in the evening. The Lost Lamentations is not a poem composed of hundreds of distant voices (the voice of the people or the ancient poems of poets such as Attar and Khayyam,[8] it should also be noted that in Persian mythology Phoenix is a bird from which music was taken[9]). The imaginary building is his future poetry and style. The fire of a rural man (he also reminds Nima himself) is his wishes and hopes.[10]
The first lines of “Quqnūs” show Nima’s intervention on premodern Persian poetic form and give an early example of the style he would later outline in his comments to the Writer’s Congress. Lines 3 and 4 stop midway through, but the first two usual poetic feet remain unaffected. While this is out of the ordinary, it only hints at the metrical experimentation to come. Lines 9 and 10 break with the norm in the jarring string of five long syllables, ending with builds, in which the normally short final syllable of the first foot lengthens, incorporating the first letter of the next theoretical foot, which is not present in the line. The plodding succession of syllables in builds, encapsulates Nima’s idea of poetic modernism in a single word. At the same moment the poet creates something new, he also destroys its source, or—at the very least—shakes its foundations. In line 10, metrics and content stand at odds with each other, and their dissonance sounds out the inner workings of Nima’s poetry. This single word, builds, displays Nima’s modernist poetics within itself by making a claim to building something new while simultaneously breaking away from the premodern metrical foundations of Persian prosody.[11]
“The Phoenix, sweet-singing bird, known across the world” with Attar’s “The Phoenix is a peerless bird, heart-enrapturing // This bird’s abode is Hindustan” is a hear the sonic relationship between the two lines. While Nima does not engage in a poetic imitation by copying Attar’s meter, he does reference his predecessor in his rhyme. The intertextual reference offers us a key to unlock the processes behind Nima’s modernist poetry, for the poem betrays its secrets through its intertextuality. The far-off voices that the Phoenix recombines in what is ostensibly new poetry are echoes of the Persian poetic tradition. They are echoes of premodern prosodic, rhythmic forms. In the end the poet-phoenix’s immeasurable pain erupts in his own destruction. “drunk from his invisible pains, / he throws himself on the awesome fire. / A violent wind blows, and the bird is burned up.” But in the final two lines, Nima breaks away from Attar’s version (and other familiar stories of the Phoenix), for usually only a single new Phoenix rises out of the ashes. Instead, in “Quqnūs” “the ashes of his body are collected up, / his chicks take flight from the heart of his ashes.” The difference with Attar’s poem, leaving the reader to draw particular conclusions about Nima’s decision to use a plural. Considering that “Quqnūs” comes early in Nima’s development of metrical form, the final line represents his hope that other poets might later continue the innovations he was making in Persian poetry.[11]
Notes
- ^ Moin Encyclopedic Dictionary It is a legendary bird whose beak has many holes and makes strange songs. He lives for a thousand years, and when his death comes, he gathers a lot of firewood and sits on top , of it and flutters his wings until the firewood burns and a new phoenix emerges from its ashes.
- ^ Daftarchi, Nasrin. "Analysis Quqnūs by Nima Yooshij with a Look at Gaston Bashlar Thoughts". Baharestan Sokhan Quarterly (Persian Literature). 19: 89–104.
- ^ Zia al-Dini, p. 315.
- ^ Tabib Zadeh, p. 66
- ^ Shafiei Kadkani, p. 116
- ^ Zia al-Dini, Ali. "The historical course of Nima poetry from a sociological point of view". Journal of Prose Studies of Persian Literature (Former Literature and Language). 28: 54–67.
- ^ Zia al-Dini, p. 316.
- ^ Shafiei Kadkani, p. 117
- ^ Alavi, Farideh. "The myth of Phoenix in the poems of Nima Yoshij and Guillaume Apollinaire". Revue des Études de la Langue Française. 13: 1–12.
- ^ Tabib Zadeh, p. 70
- ^ a b Thompson, Thomas Levi (2017). Speaking Laterally: Transnational Poetics and the Rise of Modern Arabic and Persian Poetry in Iraq and Iran (Thesis). UCLA.
References
books
- Sociology of Nima Poetry, Ali Zia al-Dini, Negah Publications, 2011. ISBN 9789643515324
- A look at Nima Yoshij's poetry: A discussion on how poetic systems originated, Omid Tabib Zadeh, Niloofar Publications, 2010. ISBN 9789644484063
- King of Conquest, Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani, ed. Milad Azimi, 2010. ISBN 9789643723408
Articles
- Thompson, Thomas Levi. (2017), Speaking Laterally: Transnational Poetics and the Rise of Modern Arabic and Persian Poetry in Iraq and Iran