Jump to content

Pentland Hills

Coordinates: 55°46′N 03°25′W / 55.767°N 3.417°W / 55.767; -3.417
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Monkbot (talk | contribs) at 22:35, 25 January 2021 (Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 7 templates: hyphenate params (5×);). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For the ward, see Pentland Hills (Edinburgh ward).

Pentland Hills
Southern part of the range seen from Turnhouse Hill
Highest point
PeakScald Law
Elevation579 m (1,900 ft)
Prominence312
Coordinates55°46′N 03°25′W / 55.767°N 3.417°W / 55.767; -3.417
Dimensions
Length32 km (20 mi)
Geography
Pentland Hills is located in Scotland
Pentland Hills
Pentland Hills
Location in Scotland
CountryUnited Kingdom
RegionScotland
View from the slopes of Allermuir Hill, Pentland Hills
The Pentland Hills seen from Allermuir Hill
Pentland Hills looking west from A702
Pentland Hills looking south west from the A702

The Pentland Hills are a range of hills to the south-west of Edinburgh, Scotland. The range is around 20 miles (32 km) in length, and runs south west from Edinburgh towards Biggar and the upper Clydesdale.

Etymology

The name is first recorded for the farm of Pentland (c.1050, 1200) and probably derives from Brythonic pen llan, head or top end of the church or enclosure. In the late 15th to mid-16th centuries, land transfers refer to Pentlandmure and Pentland – documents that also list adjacent parcels of land with such still-recognisable names as Loganehous, Hilend, Boghall and Mortounhall. 'Muir', in Pentlandmure, describes common grazings where the farm's livestock would be pastured in summer; and gradually the name was linked more specifically with the slopes of the nearby hills (perhaps Allermuir, Woodhouselee or Castlelaw).[1] The name is completely unrelated to the name of the Pentland Firth in the north of Scotland.

Timothy Pont mapped the area in the 1590s, and his work appeared in the maps of the Dutch cartographers Hondius (1630s) and Joan Blaeu (1654). Interestingly, Blaeu gives the name in two forms, in two different locations: Pentland Hill (roughly in the area of Castlelaw); and Penth-landt hill (further south and clearly intended as a name for the wider range).

Geology

The southern and western parts of the Pentland Hills are formed from sandstones together with some conglomerates, all of Devonian age and assigned to the Old Red Sandstone. Within the sedimentary sequence are extrusive igneous rocks, principally of basaltic and andesitic composition. The sedimentary rocks are also intruded by dykes of porphyrite.

The oldest rocks are a sequence of Silurian mudstones, siltstones and sandstones collected together as the North Esk Group. From oldest to youngest they comprise the Llandovery age Reservoir Formation (named for North Esk Reservoir where these rocks are to be found), the Deerhope Formation, the Cock Rig Formation and the Wether Law Linn Formation overlain by the Wenlockian age Henshaw Formation. These are in turn unconformably overlain by the late Silurian to early Devonian age sandstones and conglomerates of the Greywacke Conglomerate and Swanshaw Sandstone formations. A further unconformity separates these from the overlying Pentland Hills Volcanic Formation though all three formations are collected together within the Lanark Group. The Volcanic Formation forms such summits as East and West Kip.

The southeastern edge of the range is defined by the Pentland Fault with a substantial downthrow to the southeast. Running NE-SW through the middle of the range is the Cairnmuir Fault which downthrows to the northwest. West Cairn Hill and East Cairn Hill are formed by the sandstones of the Kinnesswood Formation which reach as far north as Hare Hill (though also underlie much of the southeastern part of Edinburgh) and which terminate to the southeast at the Cairnmuir Fault. The Kinnesswood sandstones together with rocks of the Ballaggan Formation, which form the lower ground immediately northwest of the Pentlands, constitute the early Carboniferous age Inverclyde Group.

Black Hill stands out as being an intrusion of microgranite or felsite, as in part is nearby Harbour Hill. South Black Hill on the other hand, together with Scald Hill and Carnethy hill are formed from various lithologies of the Pentland Hills Volcanic Formation, as too are Allermuir, Caerketton and Castlelaw hills. The Volcanic Formation gives rise to generally steeper and craggier hillsides as these rocks are more resistant to erosion than the sedimentary rocks.

Much of the lower ground is covered by glacial till from the last ice age. Glacial meltwater channels are identified in places as at Deer Hope and the deep cleft of Green Cleugh between Hare Hill and Black Hill.[2][3][4]

List of peaks

The peaks include:

  • Scald Law (579 m) (1,900 ft)
  • Carnethy Hill (573 m) (1,880 ft)
  • East Cairn Hill (567 m) (1,860 ft)
  • South Black Hill (563 m) (1,860 ft)
  • West Cairn Hill (562 m) (1,844 ft)
  • West Kip (551 m) (1,808 ft)
  • Byrehope Mount (536 m) (1,759 ft)
  • Mount Maw (535 m) (1,759 ft)
  • East Kip (534 m) (1,752 ft)
  • Turnhouse Hill (506 m) (1660 ft)
  • Black HIll (501 m) (1,644 ft)
  • Allermuir Hill (493 m) (1,617 ft)
  • Castlelaw Hill (488 m) (1,601 ft)
  • Caerketton Hill (478 m) (1,568 ft)

The hills span a number of council regions: from the City of Edinburgh and Midlothian in the north, south-west through West Lothian to the Scottish Borders and South Lanarkshire.

Use

The Pentland Hills Regional Park was designated in 1986.[5] It covers an area of 90 km² (35 sq mi) at the northern end of the hills. The park, together with the rest of the hills, is used for a variety of recreational activities including hillwalking, mountain biking, horse riding, golf, and skiing at the artificial ski slope at the Midlothian Snowsports Centre.

Today most of the land is upland pasture, along with a few forestry plantations. The Ministry of Defence have a rifle range at Castlelaw. A number of rivers rise in the hills, including the Water of Leith and the North Esk, and there are several reservoirs, including Threipmuir, Harlaw, Clubbiedean, Torduff, Glencorse and Loganlea.

In the southern part of the hills is Little Sparta, the garden of the late artist and poet Ian Hamilton Finlay.

Settlements in or near the Pentlands include:

History

The Covananter's Grave

There is ample evidence of prehistoric settlement in the area, e.g. the hillfort and souterrain at Castle Law,[6] and another at Caerketton. The hills were most likely settled, farmed and defended in the pre-Roman and Roman era by the local Celtic people known to the Romans as the Votadini.[7]

About 20 m (66 ft) into Glencorse Reservoir lie the submerged ruins of the chapel of St Katherine's in the Hope. The founding of the chapel is connected with the story of a mediaeval royal deer hunt. According to the story, King Robert the Bruce staked the Pentland Estate against the life of Sir William St Clair, with the outcome of the hunt of a white deer by the knight and his two hounds, 'Help' and 'Hold', being the deciding factor. The dogs managed to bring down the deer, and in gratitude, and to mark the spot, Sir William had a chapel built in the glen.

The hills were the scene of an incident in 1666 following the Restoration of King Charles II when an outbreak of armed rebellion amongst Covenanters led to a small force of badly armed conventiclers being defeated at the battle of Rullion Green. Afterwards the whole episode was (incorrectly) named the Pentland Rising. The incident is commemorated by the "Covenanter's Grave", a cairn after which one of the drove roads across the hills is known (OS Grid Reference NT078521).

In literature

In Greyfriars Bobby, Bobby comes from (and later revisits) the Pentland Hills whilst in Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein, Frankenstein's friend Henri Clerval is said to have been filled with 'cheerfulness and admiration' when he visited the Pentland Hills while heading further north (Chapter 19).

Commemoration outwith Scotland

There is a residence hall at the University of California, Riverside that is named after Pentland Hills. The Pentland Hills Residence Hall houses first-year students at the university in a suite style environment.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ Baldwin, John and Drummond, Peter (2011) Pentland Place-Names. An Introductory Guide. Pub. by The Friends of the Pentlands, Edinburgh
  2. ^ "Scotland Sheet 32E Edinburgh Bedrock". Maps Portal. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  3. ^ "Scotland Sheet 32W Livingston Bedrock". Maps Portal. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  4. ^ "Scotland Sheet 24W Biggar Solid". Maps Portal. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  5. ^ Falconer, Susan (2007). The Pentland Hills: A Walker's Guide. Cicerone Press. p. 9. ISBN 978 1 85284 494 3.
  6. ^ "Site Record for Castle Law, Glencorse CastlelawDetails Details". Canmore.rcahms.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  7. ^ "An Introduction - Pentland Hills Regional Park". The Pentland Hills. 15 November 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  8. ^ "Pentland Hills". housing.ucr.edu. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pentland Hills.
The Pentland Hills seen from Caerketton Hill
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pentland_Hills&oldid=1002756211"