Papilio indra
| Indra swallowtail | |
|---|---|
| |
| Grand Canyon swallowtail (P. i. kaibabensis) female | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Papilionidae |
| Genus: | Papilio |
| Species: | P. indra
|
| Binomial name | |
| Papilio indra Reakirt, 1866
| |
Papilio indra, the Indra swallowtail, short-tailed black swallowtail, or cliff swallowtail, is a western North American butterfly in the family Papilionidae.
Description
The Indra swallowtail is a black swallowtail similar in coloration to the black swallowtail and the short-tailed swallowtail. It has very short tails and has dark blue crescents on the topside of the hindwing.[1]
Habitat
This butterfly may be found in rugged, arid, or mountainous countrysides.[1][2]
Flight
The Indra swallowtail has one brood per year and is on the wing in spring in southern or lower altitudes but early summer in northern or higher altitudes.[1]
Subspecies
Listed alphabetically:[3]
There is an as-yet unnamed subspecies that has been referred to as bonnevillensis by some and as the "Utah-West Desert segregate" by others.
- P. i. calcicola Emmel & Griffin, 1998
- P. i. fordi Comstock & Martin, 1956
- P. i. indra Reakirt, 1866
- P. i. kaibabensis Bauer, 1955
- P. i. martini T. & J. Emmel, 1966
- P. i. minori Cross, 1936
- P. i. nevadensis T. & J. Emmel, 1971
- P. i. panamintensis Emmel, 1982
- P. i. pygmaeus J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Griffin, 1998
- P. i. pergamus H. Edwards, 1874
- P. i. phyllisae J. Emmel, 1982
- P. i. shastensis Emmel & Emmel, 1998
Food plants
References
- ^ a b c Jim P. Brock and Kenn Kaufman (2003). Butterflies of North America. Houghton Mifflin, New York, NY. ISBN 0-618-15312-8
- ^ a b Indra Swallowtail, Butterflies of Canada.
- ^ Papilio, funet.fi
- Emmel, J.F. and Emmel,T.C., 1964. The life history of Papilio indra minori. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 18: 65-73.pdf
- Emmel, T.C. and Emmel, J.F., 1967. The biology of Papilio indra kaibabensis in the Grand Canyon. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 21: 41-49. pdf
- Emmel, J.F. and Emmel, T.C., 1968. The population biology and life history of Papilio indra martini. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 22: 46-52.pdf