Geldanamycin

Geldanamycin
Names
	IUPAC name (4E,6Z,8S,9S,10E,12S,13R,14S,16R)-13-hydroxy-8,14,19-trimethoxy-4,10,12,16-tetramethyl-3,20,22-trioxo-2-azabicyclo[16.3.1]docosa-1(21),4,6,10,18-pentaen-9-yl carbamate
Identifiers
CAS Number	30562-34-6 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:5292 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL278315 ;
ChemSpider	10272739 ;
DrugBank	DB02424 ;
PubChem CID	5288382;
UNII	Z3K3VJ16KU ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID7042691 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C29H40N2O9/c1-15-11-19-25(34)20(14-21(32)27(19)39-7)31-28(35)16(2)9-8-10-22(37-5)26(40-29(30)36)18(4)13-17(3)24(33)23(12-15)38-6/h8-10,13-15,17,22-24,26,33H,11-12H2,1-7H3,(H2,30,36)(H,31,35)/b10-8-,16-9+,18-13+/t15-,17+,22+,23+,24-,26+/m1/s1 Key: QTQAWLPCGQOSGP-KSRBKZBZSA-N ; InChI=1S/C29H40N2O9/c1-15-11-19-25(34)20(14-21(32)27(19)39-7)31-28(35)16(2)9-8-10-22(37-5)26(40-29(30)36)18(4)13-17(3)24(33)23(12-15)38-6/h8-10,13-15,17,22-24,26,33H,11-12H2,1-7H3,(H2,30,36)(H,31,35)/b10-8-,16-9+,18-13+/t15-,17+,22+,23+,24-,26+/m1/s1 Key: QTQAWLPCGQOSGP-KSRBKZBZBP; Key: QTQAWLPCGQOSGP-KSRBKZBZSA-N;
	SMILES NC(=O)O[C@H]1C(/C)=C/[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](OC)C[C@H](C)C\C2=C(/OC)C(=O)\C=C(\NC(=O)C(\C)=C\C=C/[C@@H]1OC)C2=O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C29H40N2O9
Molar mass	560.64 g/mol
Appearance	Gold-yellow fine crystalline powder
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Geldanamycin is a 1,4-benzoquinone ansamycin antitumor antibiotic that inhibits the function of Hsp90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) by binding to the unusual ADP/ATP-binding pocket of the protein.^[1] HSP90 client proteins play important roles in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth, cell survival, apoptosis, angiogenesis and oncogenesis.^[2]

Hsp90-geldanamycin complex. PDB 1yet^[3]

Geldanamycin induces the degradation of proteins that are mutated or overexpressed in tumor cells such as v-Src, Bcr-Abl, p53, and ERBB2. This effect is mediated via HSP90. Despite its potent antitumor potential, geldanamycin presents several major drawbacks as a drug candidate such as hepatotoxicity, further, Jilani et al.. reported that geldanamycin induces the apoptosis of erythrocytes under physiological concentrations.^[4] These side effects have led to the development of geldanamycin analogues, in particular analogues containing a derivatisation at the 17 position:

Biosynthesis

Geldanamycin was originally discovered in the organism Streptomyces hygroscopicus.^[5] It is a macrocyclic polyketide that is synthesized by a Type I polyketide synthase. The genes gelA, gelB, and gelC encode for the polyketide synthase. The PKS is first loaded with 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA). It then utilizes malonyl-CoA, methylmalonyl-CoA, and methoxymalonyl-CoA to synthesize the precursor molecule Progeldanamycin.^[6] This precursor is subjected to several enzymatic and non-enzymatic tailoring steps to produce the active molecule Geldanamycin, which include hydroxylation, o-methylation, carbamoylation, and oxidation.^[7]

Notes

^ Schulte, T. W.; Akinaga, S.; Soga, S.; Sullivan, W.; Stensgard, B.; Toft, D.; Neckers, L. M. (1998). "Antibiotic radicicol binds to the N-terminal domain of Hsp90 and shares important biologic activities with geldanamycin". Cell Stress & Chaperones. 3 (2): 100–108. doi:10.1379/1466-1268(1998)003<0100:ARBTTN>2.3.CO;2. PMC 312953. PMID 9672245.
^ Wayne, N.; Mishra, P.; Bolon, D.N. (2011). "Hsp90 and Client Protein Maturation". Molecular Chaperones. Methods Mol Biol. Vol. 787. pp. 33–44. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-295-3_3. ISBN 978-1-61779-294-6. PMC 5078872. PMID 21898225.
^ Stebbins, C. E.; Russo, A. A.; Schneider, C.; Rosen, N.; Hartl, F. U.; Pavletich, N. P. (1997). "Crystal structure of an Hsp90-geldanamycin complex: Targeting of a protein chaperone by an antitumor agent". Cell. 89 (2): 239–250. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80203-2. PMID 9108479. S2CID 5253110.
^ Jilani, Kashif; Qadri, Syed M.; Lang, Florian (2013). "Geldanamycin-Induced Phosphatidylserine Translocation in the Erythrocyte Membrane". Cell Physiol Biochem. 32 (6): 1600–1609. doi:10.1159/000356596. PMID 24335345.
^ He, W.; Wu, L.; Gao, Q.; Du, Y.; Wang, Y. (2006). "Identification of AHBA Biosynthetic Genes Related to Geldanamycin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997". Current Microbiology. 52 (3): 197–203. doi:10.1007/s00284-005-0203-y. PMID 16502293. S2CID 22291736.
^ Kim, W.; Lee, D.; Hong, S. S.; Na, Z.; Shin, J. C.; Roh, S. H.; Wu, C. Z.; Choi, O.; Lee, K.; Shen, Y. M.; Paik, S. G.; Lee, J. J.; Hong, Y. S. (2009). "Rational Biosynthetic Engineering for Optimization of Geldanamycin Analogues". ChemBioChem. 10 (7): 1243–1251. doi:10.1002/cbic.200800763. PMID 19308924. S2CID 3273370.
^ Lee, D.; Lee, K.; Cai, X. F.; Dat, N. T.; Boovanahalli, S. K.; Lee, M.; Shin, J. C.; Kim, W.; Jeong, J. K.; Lee, J. S.; Lee, C. H.; Lee, J. H.; Hong, Y. S.; Lee, J. J. (2006). "Biosynthesis of the Heat-Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor Geldanamycin: New Insight into the Formation of the Benzoquinone Moiety". ChemBioChem. 7 (2): 246–248. doi:10.1002/cbic.200500441. PMID 16381049. S2CID 42998903.

References

Bedin, M.; Gaben, A. M.; Saucier, C. C.; Mester, J. (2004). "Geldanamycin, an inhibitor of the chaperone activity of HSP90, induces MAPK-independent cell cycle arrest". International Journal of Cancer. 109 (5): 643–652. doi:10.1002/ijc.20010. PMID 14999769. S2CID 39451213.

External links

[1] Schulte, T. W.; Akinaga, S.; Soga, S.; Sullivan, W.; Stensgard, B.; Toft, D.; Neckers, L. M. (1998). "Antibiotic radicicol binds to the N-terminal domain of Hsp90 and shares important biologic activities with geldanamycin". Cell Stress & Chaperones. 3 (2): 100–108. doi:10.1379/1466-1268(1998)003<0100:ARBTTN>2.3.CO;2. PMC 312953. PMID 9672245.

[2] Wayne, N.; Mishra, P.; Bolon, D.N. (2011). "Hsp90 and Client Protein Maturation". Molecular Chaperones. Methods Mol Biol. Vol. 787. pp. 33–44. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-295-3_3. ISBN 978-1-61779-294-6. PMC 5078872. PMID 21898225.

[3] Stebbins, C. E.; Russo, A. A.; Schneider, C.; Rosen, N.; Hartl, F. U.; Pavletich, N. P. (1997). "Crystal structure of an Hsp90-geldanamycin complex: Targeting of a protein chaperone by an antitumor agent". Cell. 89 (2): 239–250. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80203-2. PMID 9108479. S2CID 5253110.

[4] Jilani, Kashif; Qadri, Syed M.; Lang, Florian (2013). "Geldanamycin-Induced Phosphatidylserine Translocation in the Erythrocyte Membrane". Cell Physiol Biochem. 32 (6): 1600–1609. doi:10.1159/000356596. PMID 24335345.

[5] He, W.; Wu, L.; Gao, Q.; Du, Y.; Wang, Y. (2006). "Identification of AHBA Biosynthetic Genes Related to Geldanamycin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997". Current Microbiology. 52 (3): 197–203. doi:10.1007/s00284-005-0203-y. PMID 16502293. S2CID 22291736.

[6] Kim, W.; Lee, D.; Hong, S. S.; Na, Z.; Shin, J. C.; Roh, S. H.; Wu, C. Z.; Choi, O.; Lee, K.; Shen, Y. M.; Paik, S. G.; Lee, J. J.; Hong, Y. S. (2009). "Rational Biosynthetic Engineering for Optimization of Geldanamycin Analogues". ChemBioChem. 10 (7): 1243–1251. doi:10.1002/cbic.200800763. PMID 19308924. S2CID 3273370.

[7] Lee, D.; Lee, K.; Cai, X. F.; Dat, N. T.; Boovanahalli, S. K.; Lee, M.; Shin, J. C.; Kim, W.; Jeong, J. K.; Lee, J. S.; Lee, C. H.; Lee, J. H.; Hong, Y. S.; Lee, J. J. (2006). "Biosynthesis of the Heat-Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor Geldanamycin: New Insight into the Formation of the Benzoquinone Moiety". ChemBioChem. 7 (2): 246–248. doi:10.1002/cbic.200500441. PMID 16381049. S2CID 42998903.

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