Propionigenium modestum
| Propionigenium modestum | |
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| Species: | P. modestum
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| Propionigenium modestum Schink and Pfennig 1983
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Propionigenium modestum is a species of gram-negative, strictly anaerobic bacteria.[1] It is rod-shaped and around 0.5-0.6 x 0.5-2.0μm in size.[1] It is important in the elucidation of mechanism of ATP synthase.
Etymology
The word propionigenium comes from the Latin word acidum propionicum meaning propionic acid and genre is Latin for make or produce.[1] Modestus comes from the Latin word meaning modest, referring to an extremely modest type of metabolism.[1]
Taxonomic Information
Propionigenium modestum's current classification is Bacteria, Fusobacteria, Fusobacteria, Fusobacteriales, Fusobacteriaceae, Propionigenium, Modestum. Propionigenium modestum and Propionigenium maris, currently, are the only two species belonging to the genus Propionigenium.[2] They both inhabit marine environments.[3] P. modestum was found to be more closely related to Ilyobacter insuetus than it is to P. maris. P. modestum and I. insuetus share 97±4 - 98±5% 16S rRNA (ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid), while P. modestum and P. maris only share 96±5 - 96±8%.[4] Only two species in the family Fusobacteriaceae have had their entire genomes sequenced; one being llyobacter polytropus.[5]
Discovery
P. modestum was isolated by Bernhard Schink and Norbert Pfenning in 1982.[1] It was first isolated from black, anaerobic mud from Canale Grande in Venice, Italy, and was later isolated from human saliva.[1] The original isolation of P. modestum was obtained through a succinate media, which was used as the primary source of energy. It was reported that for every mol of succinate that was fermented by P. modesetum, there was between 2.1 and 2.4 grams of cell dry weight isolated form the media.[1]
Characteristics
P. modestum is a non-sporing and non-motile bacteria.[1] Its growth optimum is pH of 7.1-7.7 and a temperature of 33 °C.[1] The G+C content is 33.9%.[1] It utilizes succinate, fumarate, malate, aspartate, oxaloacetate, and pyruvate for growth and fermentes them to propionate, (acetate), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2).[1] This organism grows optimally in fresh and saltwater, as well as human saliva under anaerobic conditions.[1] Propionigenium modestum converts succinate (as well as other energy sources) to propionate to generate energy.[6] The conversion has a small free energy change so there is no electron-transport chain or substrate-linked phosphorylation.[1]
Importance
F-type ATPases (Adenylpyrophosphatase ) typically use protons as the sole coupling ion, but the F1F0 ATPase of Propionigenium modestum is the first discovered which uses sodium ions (Na+).[7][8]
The discovery of the ATPase in P. modestum is important because it demonstrated that the chemiosmosis theory as proposed by Peter D. Mitchell was incorrect. Mitchell proposed that the H+ was consumed in the synthesis of ATP by reacting directly with O2 converting it to H2O while producing ATP from ADP.[9] Instead the F-type ATPase of P. modestum uses only Na+ to drive the reaction, demonstrating the production of H2O from O2 during the synthesis of ATP does not consume the H+ used by all other known F-type ATPases.[7] Thus demonstrating that it is the H+ gradient that drives ATP synthase.
Activity
The ATPase of P. modestum acts about 6 times higher than bacterial membranes, at 6.6 units/mg of protein.[10] The ATPase is composed of subunits a,b, and c. It has been found that subunit c is extremely stable and does not dissociate during SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) gel electrophoresis until 120 °C.[10]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Schink, Bernhard; Pfennig, Norbert (1982). "Propionigenium Modestum Gen. Nov. Sp. Nov. a New Strictly Anaerobic, Nonsporing Bacterium Growing on Succinate" (PDF). Archives of Microbiology. 133 (3): 209–216. doi:10.1007/bf00415003. S2CID 12948118.
- ^ Schink, Bernhard (2006). "The Genus Propionigenium". Prokaryotes. 7: 955–959. doi:10.1007/0-387-30747-8_41. ISBN 9780387254975.
- ^ Janssen, Peter H.; Liesack, Werner (1995). "Succinate decarboxylation by Propionigenium maris sp. nov., a new anaerobic bacterium bacterium from an estuarine sediment". Arch Microbiol. 164 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1007/s002030050232. PMID 7646317.
- ^ Brune, Andreas; Ludwig, Wolfgang; Kaim, Georg; Schink, Bernhard; Evers, Stephan (2002). "Ilyobacter insuetus Sp. Nov., a Fermentative Bacterium Specialized in the Degradation of Hydroaromatic Compounds". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (2): 429–432. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-2-429. PMID 11931152.
- ^ Sikorski, Johannes; Chertkov, Olga; Lapidus, Alla; et al. (2010). "Complete genome sequence of Ilyobacter polytropus type strain (CuHbu1T)". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 3 (3): 304–314. doi:10.4056/sigs.1273360. PMC 3035301. PMID 21304735.
- ^ Hilpert, Wilhelm; Schink, Bernhard; Dimroth, Peter (1984). "Life by a new decarboxylation-dependent energy conservation mechanism with Na+ as coupling ion". The EMBO Journal. 3 (8): 1655–1670. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02030.x. PMC 557580. PMID 16453537.
- ^ a b Laubinger, Werner; Dimroth, Peter (1988). "Characterization of the ATP Synthase of Propionigenium modestum as a Primary Sodium Pump". Biochemistry. 27 (19): 7531–7537. doi:10.1021/bi00419a053. PMID 2905167.
Werner Laubinger and Peter Dimroth
- ^ Kaim, Georg (2001). "The Na -translocating F1F0 ATP Synthase of Propionigenium Modestum: Mechanochemical Insights into the F0 Motor That Drives ATP Synthesis". Bioenergetics. 1505 (1): 94–107. doi:10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00280-2. PMID 11248192.
- ^ Mitchell, Peter D. (1974). "A chemiosmotic molecular mechanism for proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatases". FEBS Lett. 43 (2). Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company: 189–94. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(74)80997-x. PMID 4277328. S2CID 12695073.
- ^ a b Laubinger, Werner; Dimroth, Peter (1988). "Characterization of the ATP Synthase of Propionigenium modestum as a Primary Sodium Pump". Biochemistry. 27 (19): 7531–7537. doi:10.1021/bi00419a053. PMID 2905167.
mitchell febs lett 43 189
Further reading
- P. Dimroth (July 1992). "The ATPases of Propionigenium modestum and Bacillus alcalophilus. Strategies for ATP synthesis under low energy conditions". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1101 (2): 236–239. doi:10.1016/0005-2728(92)90234-s. PMID 1385980.
- Laubinger, Werner; Dimroth, Peter (1989). "The sodium ion translocating adenosine triphosphatase of Propionigenium modestum pumps protons at low sodium ion concentrations". Biochemistry. 28 (18): 7194–7198. doi:10.1021/bi00444a010. ISSN 0006-2960. PMID 2554965.
- Dimroth, P.; Wang, H.; Grabe, M.; Oster, G. (1999). "Energy transduction in the sodium F-ATPase of Propionigenium modestum". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 96 (9): 4924–4929. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.4924D. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.9.4924. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 21793. PMID 10220395.
