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Niebla marinii

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Niebla marinii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Ramalinaceae
Genus: Niebla
Species:
N. marinii
Binomial name
Niebla marinii
Spjut (1996)

Niebla marinii is a fruticose lichen that grows on lava along the Pacific Coast of Baja California from near San Fernando Canyon south to Morro Santo Domingo.[1] The epithet, marinii, is in honor of a field assistant, Richard Marin, who accompanied the author on lichen-collecting expeditions to Baja California during 1985–1996,[1][2] while he also assisted in the gathering of samples of flowering plants for cancer research.[3]

Distinguishing features

Niebla marinii is distinguished by the thallus divided into linear-subterete or linear-prismatic[4] branches from a common attachment base (or holdfast); the primary branches often tubular inflated near base with a glossy smooth cortex, dividing frequently into equal secondary branches above, the branches wide spreading, arcuate or horseshoe shaped, densely tangled together, terminally flexuous or whip-like; the whole thallus to 15 cm in diameter and 6 cm high.[1] The species (N. marinii) also recognized by containing salazinic acid, without triterpenes, but often with an unknown, possibly scabrosin derivative.[1] Pycnidia[5][6] are prominent at tips of branches and on the upper parts of branches.[1] Niebla josecuervoi is similar, differing in the numerous short spine-like branchlets along the upper side of primary branches, the branches appearing comb-like.[1]

Niebla marinii—consistent in its morphological features at specific locations but variable in cortical features when viewed collectively from all locations—may possibly comprise two species, one of which has distinctly raised cortical ridges.[1] This may be a hybrid with Niebla siphonoloba.[7] Evidence for hybridization is seen by the same morphological variation in another species; one that has the bushy habit and smooth cortex of N. marinii, Niebla suffnessii as found at its type locality—Cerro Elefante on the Vizcaíno Peninsula. Approximately 200 miles north of Cerro Elefante—which is about halfway up the northern Baja peninsula and just north of Punta Canoas—are both N. marinii and N. suffnessii that occur together on Mesa Camacho—a red lava mesa, 300–400 m in elevation. At this location, the thalli of both species have conspicuously raised sinuous (short wavy) cortical ridges; proposed species names have been suggested, one for the salazinic acid species,[8] the other for the sekikaic acid species.[9] Although the same species of Niebla can vary in a particular feature such as in its cortical ridge patterns, it may also retain other morphological and chemical taxonomic features at different locations; in this case, Niebla marinii has the wide angle branching (horseshoe-shaped branchlets) and prominent pycnidia at both locations, whereas N. suffnessii has inconspicuous pycnidia and long drawn-out branches at both locations.

Sinuous cortical ridges are generally characteristic of the sekikaic-acid species Niebla siphonoloba throughout its geographical range,[7] and it occurs frequently on Mesa Camacho.[1] This species (N. siphonoloba) is recognized by its simple stubby branches in addition to having sekikaic acid and a prominent reticulated (honeycomb-like) cortex. A logical explanation for the occurrence of the distinct cortical sinuous ridges in N. marinii and N. suffnessii on Mesa Camacho is hybridization,[10] which in lichens is rarely mentioned, and when it is, it usually is in context with chemical variation.[11][12] or vegetative diasporas such as soredia ([soredium]) and isidia ([isidium]).[13] In Niebla, the chemical features are believed to be genetically conserved and closely linked to morphological features for each species, while less genetically linked features are suggested to be easily exchanged.[1] As a further example, in the Channel Islands (Santa Cruz Island), N. siphonoloba is suspected to hybridize with another sekikaic-acid species Niebla fimbriata as seen by their intermediates.[7] The morphological variation in Niebla marinii, N. suffnessii and N. siphonoloba are just a few examples of the broad spectrum of morphological variation that can be found in each species, referred as morpho-syndrome variation,[1] in contrast to chemo-syndromes recognized in the related genus Ramalina.[14][15] Morpho-syndrome variation generally has not been recognized in lichens, because it would seem that environmentally induced variation is considered a more likely explanation.[16]

Taxonomic history

Niebla marinii was first recognized from thalli collected at Morro Santo Domingo, a peninsula 22 miles north of Guerrero Negro,[17] (type specimen, Spjut 9783), collected 18 May 1986 towards a lichen flora of Baja California.[1] It was the dominant fruticose lichen on red lava. A common associated species was Niebla lobulata, also its type locality.[1]

Niebla marinii has been included under a very broad species concept, (Niebla josecuervoi);[16] one that essentially recognizes only three species in the genus Niebla, defined by a two-layered cortex, isolated chondroid strands in the medulla and by the lichen substances lacking the terpenes found in Vermilacinia.[18] Under the broad species concept, the morphological differences are seen as environmentally induced variation, and the chemical differences (e.g., Niebla pulchribarbara, protocetraric acid) are viewed as belonging to a chemo-syndrome;[16] however, no data was presented to support this view, other than reference to studies in other genera in which the species differences mentioned were not applicable.[19]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Spjut, R. W. 1996. Niebla and Vermilacinia (Ramalinaceae) from California and Baja California. Sida Bot. Misc. 14
  2. ^ Spjut, R. 2000. Notes on the lichen Vermilacinia polymorpha (Ramalinaceae) and related species in Baja California, Mexico. IV. Symposium on botany research in Baja California and adjacent areas. Ensenada, B.C. Mexico, Sep. 13–17. Poster presentation.
  3. ^ Baja California Plants Screened for Antitumor Activity, World Botanical Associates, retrieved 27 Dec 2014, http://www.worldbotanical.com/baja_california_plants_screened_.htm#Baja plants
  4. ^ Linear—having parallel sides for 10 times or more the width. Subterete: compressed along two side, elliptical in cross-section. Prismatic—shaped like a prism in cross section
  5. ^ Pycnidium (pycnidia plural) is a small flash-shaped structure (200–450 μm wide near the base in N. homaleoides) that produces conidia, which escape through an opening (ostiole) at the top and function in reproduction, asexually or sexually
  6. ^ Bungartz, F. 2002. Morphology and anatomy of conidia-producing structures, Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert 1: 35–40
  7. ^ a b c Niebla siphonoloba, World Botanical Associates, retrieved 28 Dec 2014, http://www.worldbotanical.com/niebla_siphonoloba.htm
  8. ^ Niebla marinii, World Botanical Associates, retrieved 28 Dec 2014, http://www.worldbotanical.com/niebla_marinii.htm
  9. ^ Niebla suffnessii, World Botanical Associates, retrieved 28 Dec 2014, http://www.worldbotanical.com/niebla_suffnessii.htm
  10. ^ Robinson, H.1975. Considerations of the evolution of lichens. Phytologia 52: 407–413
  11. ^ Culberson, C., W.L. Culberson and A. Johnson. 1988. Gene flow in lichens. Am. J. Bot. 75:1135-139.
  12. ^ DePriest, P. T. 1994. Variation in the Cladonia chlorophaea complex II: Ribosonal DNA variation in a southern Appalachian population. The Bryologist 97: 117-126
  13. ^ Hale, M.E., (Jr.). 1975a. A revision of the lichen genus Hypotrachyna (Parmeliaceae) in tropical America. 1975b. A monograph of the lichen genus Relicina (Parmeliaceae).. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 25 and 26
  14. ^ Culberson, W. L. 1967. Analysis of chemical and morphological variation in the Ramalina siliquosa species complex. Brittonia 19:333–352.
  15. ^ Culberson W. L. 1986. Chemistry and sibling speciation in the lichen-forming fungi: Ecological and biological considerations. The Bryologist 89:123–131.
  16. ^ a b c Bowler, P. and J. Marsh. 2004. Niebla. 'Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert 2': 368–380.
  17. ^ Punta Moroo Santo Domingo, Around, http://aroundguides.com/29860874
  18. ^ Spjut R. W. 1995. Vermilacinia (Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales), a new genus of lichens. In: Flechten Follmann; Contr. Lichen in honor of Gerhard Follmann; F. J. A. Daniels, M. Schulz & J. Peine, eds., Koeltz Scientific Books: Koenigstein, pp. 337–351.
  19. ^ Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert: Book Review, Richard Spjut, web page, http://www.worldbotanical.com/lichen%20flora%20review.htm
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