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Vaa3D (in Chinese ‘挖三维’) is an Open Source visualization and analysis software suite created mainly by Hanchuan Peng and his team at Janelia Research Campus, HHMI and Allen Institute for Brain Science.[1][2] The software performs 3D, 4D and 5D rendering and analysis of very large image data sets, especially those generated using various modern microscopy methods, and associated 3D surface objects. This software has been used in several large neuroscience initiatives and a number of applications in other domains. In a recent Nature Methods review article, it has been viewed as one of the leading open-source software suites in the related research fields.[3] In addition, research using this software was awarded the 2012 Cozzarelli Prize from the National Academy of Sciences.[4]

Creation

Vaa3D was created in 2007 to tackle the large-scale brain mapping project at Janelia Farm of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The initial goal was to quickly visualize any of the tens of thousands of large 3D laser scanning microscopy image stacks of fruit fly brains, each with a few gigabytes in volume. Low level OpenGL-based 3D rendering was developed to provide direct rendering of multi-dimensional image stacks. C/C++ and Qt were used to create cross-platform compatibility so the software can run on Mac, Linux and Windows. Strong functions for synchronizing multiple 2D/3D/4D/5D rendered views, generating global and local 3D viewers, and virtual finger, allow Vaa3D be able to streamline a number of operations for complicated brain science tasks, for example, brain comparison and neuron reconstruction. Vaa3D also provides an extensible plugin interface that currently hosts dozens of open source plugins contributed by researchers worldwide.

3D visualization of 3D, 4D, and 5D image data

Vaa3D is able to render 3D, 4D, and 5D data (X, Y, Z, Color, Time) quickly. The volume rendering is typically at the scale of a few gigabytes and can be extended to the scale of terabytes per image set. The visualization is made fast by using OpenGL directly.

Vaa3D handles the problem of large data visualization via several techniques. One way is to combine both the synchronized and asynchronized data rendering, which displays the full resolution data only when the rotation or other dynamic display of the data is paused, and otherwise displays only a coarse level image.

An alternative method used in Vaa3D is to combine both global and local 3D viewers. The global 3D viewer optionally displays only the downsampled image while the local 3D viewer displays full resolution image but only at certain local areas. Intuitive 3D navigation is done by determining a 3D region of interest using the Virtual Finger technique followed by generating in real-time a specific 3D local viewer for such a region of interest.

Fast 3D human-machine interaction, virtual finger and 3D WYSIWYG

3D visualization of an image stack is essentially a passive process to observe the data. The combination of an active way to input a user's preference of specific locations quickly greatly increase the efficiency of exploration of the 3D or higher-dimensional image contents. Nonetheless, ‘exploring 3D image content’ requires that a user is able to efficiently interact with and quantitatively profile the patterns of image objects using a graphical user interface of 3D image-visualization tools. Virtual Finger, or 3D-WYSIWYG ('What You See in 2D is What You Get in 3D') technique allows efficient generation and use of the 3D location information from 2D input of a user on the typical 2D display or touch devices.

The Virtual Finger technique maps the identified 2D user input via 2D display devices, such as a computer screen, back to the 3D volumetric space of the image. Mathematically, this is an often difficult inverse problem. However, by utilizing the spatial sparseness and continuity information in many 3D image data sets, this inverse problem can be well solved, as shown in a recent paper.[5]

The Vaa3D's Virtual Finger technology allows instant and random-order exploration of complex 3D image content, similar to using real fingers explore the real 3D world using a single click or stroke to locate 3D objects. It has been used to boost the performance of image data acquisition, visualization, management, annotation, analysis and the use of the image data for real-time experiments such as microsurgery.

Rendering of surface objects

Vaa3D displays three major types of 3D surface objects:

  • Point cloud: a set of 3D spherical objects, each with a different color, type, size, and other properties. This is often used to model a population of cells or similar particle-like objects.
  • Relational data (graph, tube-connected network): each node in the graph has a specific size and type and is connected to other nodes. This is often used to model neuron morphology, network topology, etc.
  • Irregular surface objects: Each 3D surface has irregular shape and is modeled using complicated surface mesh.

These 3D surface objects are also often arranged as "sets". Vaa3D can display multiple sets of any of these surface objects, which can also be overlaid on top of image voxel data using different overlaying relationships. These features are useful for colocalization, quantification, comparison, and other purposes.

Applications

The software has been used in a number of applications such as the following examples.

Neuron reconstruction and quantification

Vaa3D provides a Vaa3D-Neuron package to reconstruct, quantify, and compare 3D morphology of single neurons of a number of species.

Vaa3D-Neuron allows several ways of neuron tracing.

  • Manual tracing: A user can use 3D Virtual Finger to manually reconstruct or edit a neuron structure quickly in 3D.
  • Semi-automatic tracing: A user can specify some key termini points where the neuron tracing must reach as prior, and then ask Vaa3D to complete the 3D reconstruction automatically. The user can then edit the 3D reconstruction manually as well.
  • Fully automatic tracing: A user can use the very fast All-Path-Pruning 1[6] or All-Path-Pruning 2[7] to automatically trace an entire neuron in 3D, and use NeuronCrawler to trace very large image stack (tens of gigabytes per neuron data set). The user may also use several other automated neuron tracing algorithms ported to Vaa3D include FarSight Snake Tracing, NeuTube tracing (tube fitting), and MOST ray bursting based tracing. Wrapper methods such as UltraTracer, that extend any of these base tracers to arbitrarily large multidimensional image volumes, have also been developed and integrated in Vaa3D.[8]

Single cell analysis for C. elegans, fruitfly, and mouse

Vaa3D was used to extract single cells from several studies of the nematode C. elegans,[9] the insect fruitfly,[10] mouse,[11] and other species. The primary functions used were 3D image segmentation for extracting and quantifying single cells' gene expression levels, and fast cell counting in specific brain areas. Vaa3D also provides methods to annotate these cells and identify their names.

Vaa3D also provides a SRS (Simultaneous Segmentation and Recognition) algorithm [12] for 3D segmentation of complicated cells, which are often touching each other. This was done by adaptively mapping an predefined "atlas" (layout map of some cells) to an image iteratively using the Expectation Maximization algorithm until convergence. SRS has been shown to reduce over-segmentation and under-segmentation errors compared to usually used watershed segmentation method.

Brain mapping and 3D image registration

Vaa3D has been used in several brain mapping projects, in terms of both pattern alignment (registration) and multiplexing based analysis.

  • Pattern alignment and registration: Vaa3D provides a series of plugins and functions to align 3D image patterns,[13] and then synchronize the 3D display of these aligned patterns.
  • Multiplexing based analysis: Vaa3D includes a pattern Atlas Manager[14] which displays a series of aligned image patterns in a spread-sheet, with which subsets of these patterns can be colored in different ways and blended together for colocalization analysis.

Extensions

Vaa3D can be extended using a plugin interface. A wizard called "Plugin Creator" is provided to generate a basic template of a new plugin.

The following main categories of plugins are currently released.

  • Plugin Creator Wizard
  • Color channel management
  • Data IO and Conversion
  • Atlas Generation
  • C. elegans applications
  • Cell Counting (machine learning based or image segmentation based)
  • Image Filters
  • Image Geometry
  • Image Registration
  • Image Segmentation
  • Image Stitching and Large Image Visualization
  • Movie Generation
  • Neuron Tracing
  • Neuron Toolbox
  • Synchronization Toolbox
  • FlyWorkstation utilities (for Janelia Farm Fly workstation)

Vaa3D has also been extended to support ITK, Matlab, Bioformats, OpenCV and other widely used software. One extension, called Vaa3D-TeraFly, is to visualize terabytes of image data using a Google-Earth style dive-in view of data.

See also

References

  1. ^ Peng, H.; et al. (2010). "V3D enables real-time 3D visualization and quantitative analysis of large-scale biological image data sets". Nature Biotechnology. 28 (4): 348–353. doi:10.1038/nbt.1612. PMC 2857929. PMID 20231818.
  2. ^ Peng, H.; et al. (2014). "Extensible visualization and analysis for multidimensional images using Vaa3D". Nature Protocols. 9 (1): 193–208. doi:10.1038/nprot.2014.011. PMID 24385149. S2CID 11837559.
  3. ^ Eliceiri, K; et al. (2012). "Biological imaging software tools". Nature Methods. 9 (7): 697–710. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2084. PMC 3659807. PMID 22743775.
  4. ^ "PNAS Announces Six 2012 Cozzarelli Prize Recipients". www.nasonline.org. Oxford University Press. March 12, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  5. ^ Peng, H.; et al. (2014). "Virtual finger boosts three-dimensional imaging and microsurgery as well as terabyte volume image visualization and analysis". Nature Communications. 5: 4342. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.4342P. doi:10.1038/ncomms5342. PMC 4104457. PMID 25014658.
  6. ^ Peng, H.; et al. (2011). "Automatic 3D neuron tracing using all-path pruning". Bioinformatics. 27 (13): i239–i247. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr237. PMC 3117353. PMID 21685076.
  7. ^ Xiao, H.; et al. (2013). "APP2: automatic tracing of 3D neuron morphology based on hierarchical pruning of gray-weighted image distance-trees". Bioinformatics. 29 (11): 1448–1454. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt170. PMC 3661058. PMID 23603332.
  8. ^ Peng, Hanchuan; Zhou, Zhi; Meijering, Erik (2016). "Automatic Tracing of Ultra-Volume of Neuronal Images". bioRxiv 10.1101/087726.
  9. ^ Long, F.; et al. (2009). "A 3D digital atlas of C. elegans and its application to single-cell analyses". Nature Methods. 6 (9): 667–672. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1366. PMC 2882208. PMID 19684595.
  10. ^ Heckscher, E.; et al. (2014). "Atlas-builder software and the eNeuro atlas: resources for developmental biology and neuroscience". Development. 141 (12): 2524–2532. doi:10.1242/dev.108720. PMC 4050700. PMID 24917506.
  11. ^ Aponte, Y.; et al. (2011). "AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training". Nature Neuroscience. 14 (3): 351–355. doi:10.1038/nn.2739. PMC 3049940. PMID 21209617.
  12. ^ Qu, L.; et al. (2011). "Simultaneous recognition and segmentation of cells: application in C.elegans". Bioinformatics. 27 (20): 2895–2902. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr480. PMC 3187651. PMID 21849395.
  13. ^ Qu, L.; et al. (2014). "LittleQuickWarp: an ultrafast image warping tool". Methods. 73: 38–42. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.09.002. PMID 25233807.
  14. ^ Peng, H.; et al. (2011). "BrainAligner: 3D registration atlases of Drosophila brains". Nature Methods. 8 (6): 493–498. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1602. PMC 3104101. PMID 21532582.
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