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Nitrososphaera

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Nitrososphaera
Scientific classification
Domain:
Archaea
Phylum:
Nitrososphaerota
Class:
Nitrososphaeria
Order:
Nitrososphaerales
Family:
Nitrososphaeraceae
Genus:
Nitrososphaera

Stieglmeier et al. 2014
Type species
Nitrososphaera viennensis
Stieglmeier et al. 2014
Species
Synonyms
  • "Candidatus Nitrososphaera" Hatzenpichler et al. 2008

Nitrososphaera is a genus of ammonia-oxidizing archaea. It was first known as 'mesophilic Crenarchaeota'.[1][2] . Previously, it was believed that most Archaea were extremophiles, living only in extreme conditions. However, the first Nitrososphaera organism was discovered in garden soils at the University of Vienna when it was possible to isolate in pure culture, which lead to the categorization of a new genus, family, order and even class of Archaea.[3] It belongs within the order of Nitrososphaerales. This genus is divided and classified into 3 distinct species: N. viennensis, Ca. N. gargensis, and Ca N. evergladensis.[1] Nitrososphaera have been designated as chemolithoautotrophs and have important biogeochemical components that contribute to the soil's nitrogen cycles and atmospheric nitrogen concentrations.[4]

Phylogeny

The Nitrososphaera genus are one of the first discovered ammonia-oxidizing archaea. Only three distinct species of this genus have been identified. Both Ca. N. gargensis, and Ca N. Evergladensis are known as Candidatus, which have been discovered and analyzed but have yet been studied in pure culture in a lab. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[2] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Cladogram was taken from GTDB release 07-RS207 (8th April 2022).

Nitrososphaera

"Ca. Nitrososphaera gargensis" Hatzenpichler et al. 2008

"Ca. Nitrososphaera evergladensis" Zhainina et al. 2014

Nitrososphaera viennensis Stieglmeier et al. 2014

Genome structure

The 16s rRNA gene of all Nitrososphaera sp. are nearly identical as they are neighboring within the phylogentic tree. N. viennensis has a 3% divergence from Ca. N. gargensis, while Ca. N evergladensis has a 97% similarity to Ca. N. gargensis within the 16s rRNA gene.[5] The Nitrososphaera sp. have been shown to use ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) like genes to oxidize begin the ammonia oxidation process.[6]

Morphology

Nitrososphaera microbes have varying characteristics that is dependent on species. All three species present genes that cluster urease, urea, and ammonia.[6] As part of Archaea, these microbes have a cell membrane composed of crenarchaeol, its isomer, and a glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT), all of which are used for identifying ammonia-oxidizing archaea.[7] N. viennensis has a cell diameter of approximately 0.6–0.9 µm and presents an irregular spherical coccus.[1][6] This species was first discovered of the Nitrososphaera genus. Ca. N. gargensis is non-pathogenic presents a diameter of approximately 0.9 ± 0.3 μm with a relatively small coccus.[8] Ca. N evergladensis has yet to be properly analyzed and described for morphological characteristics.  

Habitats

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea has been found in various environments and habitats around the world. N. viennensis was first discovered in garden soils.[3] The preferred growth temperature is at approximately 35° C - 42° C with a pH of 7.5.[1] Ca. N. gargensis was found in hot springs and is commonly found in heavy metal containing habitats with a growth temperature within the ~ 46° C.[9] Ca. N evergladensis was first discovered in the humid region of the Everglades in Florida. Other relatives of Nitrososphaera sp. can also be found in swamps, microbial mats, freshwater sediments, deep sea marine sediments, and regions with high levels of nitrogen and ammonia sources to allow for the oxidation process of the lipids and nutrients for the optimal survival of these microbes.[4]

Nitrification and environmental impact

Microbial nitrogen cycle. Process by which ammonia is processed through microbial organisms for lipid and protein production.

It was believed until recently that only bacteria were capable of ammonia oxidation.[10] However, with the discovery of Nitrososphaera, it has been proven that some archaea are capable of ammonia oxidation as well. These archaea utilize ammonia from the environment, retrieved from soils, to transform it into ATP.[11] This process involves transforming ammonia (NH3) into nitrite (NO2-). This promotes the nitrification of the environment surrounding the Nitrososphaera. Within nitrogen cycling in soils, the ammonia oxidation leads to the disaggregation of other chemical compounds, providing important nutrients for plant survival.[1] One of the chemical compounds that forms from nitrogen cycling is nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, a gas that is released into the atmosphere as one of the Green House Gasses.[4][6] This gas is known for its radiative efficiency 216 larger than CO2.[12] These ammonia-oxidizing archaea are a key component in soils that form more than 65% of the Earths atmospheric nitrous oxide concentrations.[13]

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea vs ammonia-oxidizing bacteria

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea have been comparable to ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.[2] It was not until recent discovery and analysis, scientists believed that only ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were capable of oxidizing ammonia within the soils. However, it has been proven that both ammonia-oxidizing archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria work together in the nitrogen cycle. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea, including Nitrososphaera, are extremely abundant in warm and humid soils, along with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Both microbes have proven to play a significant role in the nitrification of soils.[1][2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Stieglmeier M, Klingl A, Alves RJ, Rittmann SK, Melcher M, Leisch N, Schleper C (August 2014). "Nitrososphaera viennensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic and mesophilic, ammonia-oxidizing archaeon from soil and a member of the archaeal phylum Thaumarchaeota". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 64 (Pt 8): 2738–2752. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.063172-0. PMC 4129164. PMID 24907263.
  2. ^ a b c d Jung MY, Well R, Min D, Giesemann A, Park SJ, Kim JG, et al. (May 2014). "Isotopic signatures of N2O produced by ammonia-oxidizing archaea from soils". The ISME Journal. 8 (5): 1115–1125. doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.205. PMC 3996685. PMID 24225887.
  3. ^ a b Whitman WB, Rainey F, Kämpfer P, Trujillo M, Chun J, DeVos P, Hedlund B, Dedysh S, eds. (2015-04-17). Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria (1st ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm01294. ISBN 978-1-118-96060-8.
  4. ^ a b c Walker CB, de la Torre JR, Klotz MG, Urakawa H, Pinel N, Arp DJ, et al. (May 2010). "Nitrosopumilus maritimus genome reveals unique mechanisms for nitrification and autotrophy in globally distributed marine crenarchaea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (19): 8818–8823. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.8818W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913533107. OCLC 801270696. PMC 2889351. PMID 20421470.
  5. ^ Zhalnina KV, Dias R, Leonard MT, Dorr de Quadros P, Camargo FA, Drew JC, et al. (2014-07-07). "Genome sequence of Candidatus Nitrososphaera evergladensis from group I.1b enriched from Everglades soil reveals novel genomic features of the ammonia-oxidizing archaea". PLOS ONE. 9 (7): e101648. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j1648Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101648. PMC 4084955. PMID 24999826.
  6. ^ a b c d Hatzenpichler R (November 2012). "Diversity, physiology, and niche differentiation of ammonia-oxidizing archaea". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 78 (21): 7501–7510. Bibcode:2012ApEnM..78.7501H. doi:10.1128/AEM.01960-12. PMC 3485721. PMID 22923400.
  7. ^ Pitcher A, Rychlik N, Hopmans EC, Spieck E, Rijpstra WI, Ossebaar J, et al. (April 2010). "Crenarchaeol dominates the membrane lipids of Candidatus Nitrososphaera gargensis, a thermophilic group I.1b Archaeon". The ISME Journal. 4 (4): 542–552. doi:10.1038/ismej.2009.138. PMID 20033067. S2CID 987235.
  8. ^ Spang A, Poehlein A, Offre P, Zumbrägel S, Haider S, Rychlik N, et al. (December 2012). "The genome of the ammonia-oxidizing Candidatus Nitrososphaera gargensis: insights into metabolic versatility and environmental adaptations". Environmental Microbiology. 14 (12): 3122–3145. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02893.x. PMID 23057602.
  9. ^ Hatzenpichler R, Lebedeva EV, Spieck E, Stoecker K, Richter A, Daims H, Wagner M (February 2008). "A moderately thermophilic ammonia-oxidizing crenarchaeote from a hot spring". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (6): 2134–2139. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.2134H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0708857105. PMC 2538889. PMID 18250313.
  10. ^ Lehtovirta-Morley LE (May 2018). "Ammonia oxidation: Ecology, physiology, biochemistry and why they must all come together". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 365 (9). doi:10.1093/femsle/fny058. PMID 29668934.
  11. ^ Tourna M, Stieglmeier M, Spang A, Könneke M, Schintlmeister A, Urich T, et al. (May 2011). "Nitrososphaera viennensis, an ammonia oxidizing archaeon from soil". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (20): 8420–8425. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.8420T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1013488108. PMC 3100973. PMID 21525411.
  12. ^ Rahn T, Wahlen M (December 1997). "Stable isotope enrichment in stratospheric nitrous oxide". Science. 278 (5344): 1776–1778. Bibcode:1997Sci...278.1776R. doi:10.1126/science.278.5344.1776. PMID 9388175.
  13. ^ Seitzinger SP, Kroeze C, Styles RV (July 2000). "Global distribution of N2O emissions from aquatic systems: natural emissions and anthropogenic effects". Chemosphere - Global Change Science. 2 (3–4): 267–279. Bibcode:2000ChGCS...2..267S. doi:10.1016/s1465-9972(00)00015-5. ISSN 1465-9972.

Further reading

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