New Mormon history
New Mormon history refers to a style of reporting the history of Mormonism by both Mormon and non-Mormon scholars which departs from earlier more polemical or faith-based styles of history. Rather than presenting material selectively to either prove or disprove Mormonism, the focus of new Mormon history is to present history in a more humanistic and dispassionate way, and to situate Mormon history in a fuller historical context. Because it is a break from past historical narratives, new Mormon history tends to be revisionist. In many cases, the new Mormon history follows the perspectives and techniques of new history, including cultural history. The Mormon historian Richard Bushman described it as "a quest for identity rather than a quest for authority."[1] New Mormon historians include a wide range of both Mormon and non-Mormon scholars, the most prominent of which include Bushman, Jan Shipps, D. Michael Quinn, Terryl Givens, Leonard J. Arrington, Richard P. Howard, Fawn Brodie, and Juanita Brooks.
History
D. Michael Quinn dates new Mormon history as beginning in 1950 with Juanita Brooks' publication of "The Mountain Meadows Massacre" by Stanford University Press.[2] He notes, however, that it had been gaining momentum even before that, citing that B. H. Roberts—church historian from 1901 until his death in 1933—"exemplified much of the philosophy later identified with the New Mormon History."[2] Clyde R. Forsberg Jr. credits Leonard J. Arrington, beginning in the 1950s, with having "led the charge" of new Mormon history, with non-Mormon scholars Thomas O'Dea and Whitney O. Cross responding in kind with "less prejudiced and more informed monographs on Mormonism".[3]
Associated groups and publications
In the 1960s, a new generation of Mormon scholars emerged. The publication of Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, the newly-established Mormon History Association, and the professionalization of LDS and RLDS history departments provided spaces for historians to do new research in Mormon topics.[4] RLDS scholars founded the John Whitmer Historical Association in 1972.[5] In 1974, Claudia Bushman and Laurel Thatcher Ulrich founded the magazine Exponent II.[6] The first issue of BYU Studies was published in 1959.[7][verification needed]
Also in 1972, the LDS Church hired Leonard Arrington as their historian.[8] During Arrington's time as historian, Mormon and non-Mormon historians were allowed to access the LDS Church Archives. Much of the research in the 1970s used these newly-available sources to examine church history, sometimes in great detail.[9] Leonard Arrington influenced important scholars of Mormon history, including Richard Jensen, William Hartley, and Ronald Walker.[6] In 1969, Jewish historian Moses Rischin named the increasing amount of Mormon scholarship "the New Mormon History".[10] The "New Mormon History" movement included the non-Mormons Thomas F. O'Dea, P. A. M. Taylor, Mario De Pillis, Lawrence Foster, the Community of Christ member Robert Flanders, and the Mormon scholar Kalus Hansen.[11]
Maureen Ursenbach Beecher was a leading researcher in women's studies.[12][13] In the 1970s women's biographies were published, but not integrated into larger narratives.[14] Other women hired by the Church Historical Department included Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, and Edyth Romney. Journals dedicated special issues to Mormon women, and the increased interest in Mormon women led to more publications focused on them. Scholars published biographies of Emma Smith, Eliza Snow, Emmeline B. Wells, and Amy Brown Lyman.[15]
Some writers looked at Mormon women's history with the goal of restructuring historical narratives. Mormon feminist articles on Mormon history started with the special Summer 1971 issue of Dialogue on women's issues and continued in publications like Exponent II (starting in 1974), and Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah (1976), edited by Claudia Bushman. Beecher and Laurel Thatcher Ulrich edited another volume about Mormon women's history in Sisters in Sprit: Mormon Women in Historical and Cultural Perspective (1987). Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism (1992) was another milestone in feminist publications, and it encouraged Mormon women to be empowered by their history and "reclaim lost opportunities."[16]
Most new Mormon historians were LDS.[17] Their audience was Mormon intellectuals[18] and non-Mormons.[19] They maintained their respect for the Mormon faith, admitted to flaws in people and policies, and avoided taking a defensive stance,[19] a tone which non-Mormon historian Jan Shipps wrote "made them seem more secular than they actually were."[20] Mormon history by non-Mormons at this time had a similar detached tone.[19] New Mormon historians often published with the University of Illinois Press in order to publish for an academic audience independent of the church.[21] Charles S. Peterson argued in The Great Basin Kingdom Revisited that Arrington took an exceptionalist view of Mormon history, which he then taught to other New Mormon historians. This exceptionalist view was that they could believe in both secular history and orthodox Mormon views of the restoration.[22]
New History
New Mormon history is but a reflection of the change in writing history overall that took root in the 20th century. Quinn states that "the New Mormon History includes all of the ingredients of 'new history' in America at large but has one crucial addition: the effort to avoid using history as a religious battering ram."[23]
The new historical movement's inclusive definition of the proper matter of historical study has also given it the label total history. The movement was contrasted with the traditional ways of writing history which particularly characterized the 19th century, resisting their focus on politics and "great men"; their insistence on composing historical narrative; their emphasis on administrative documents as key source materials; their concern with individuals' motivations and intentions as explanatory factors for historical events; and their willingness to accept the possibility of historians' objectivity.[citation needed]
Differences from traditional Mormon history
Quinn, referring to Brooks' history of the Mountain Meadows massacre, states that new Mormon history began with her in that she "avoided seven deadly sins of traditional Mormon history."[23] Quinn identifies these "sins" as:
- "Shrink[ing] from analyzing a controversial topic"[23]
- "Conceal[ing] [a] sensitive or contradictory" interpretation[23]
- "Hesitat[ing] to follow the evidence to 'revisionist' interpretations that [run] counter to 'traditional' assumptions"[23]
- "Us[ing] [one's] evidence to insult the religious beliefs of Mormons"[23]
- "Disappoint[ing] the scholarly expectations of academics"[23]
- "Cater[ing] to public relations preferences"[23]
- "Us[ing] an 'academic' work to proselytize for religious conversion or defection"[23]
See also
References
Footnotes
- ^ Flanders 1974, p. 34.
- ^ a b Quinn 1992, p. vii.
- ^ Forsberg 2008.
- ^ Shipps 2007, pp. 498–499.
- ^ Barlow 2004, p. 419.
- ^ a b Helfrich 2011, p. 164.
- ^ Arrington 1959.
- ^ Shipps 2007, p. 501.
- ^ Shipps 2007, p. 502.
- ^ Bushman 2013, p. 203.
- ^ Barlow 2004; Newell 2013, p. 5.
- ^ Whittaker, David J.; Chapman, Erin; Crisp, Judy (2013). "Maureen Ursenbach Beecher publications | Manuscript Collection Descriptions". findingaid.lib.byu.edu. L. Tom Perry Special Collections. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
- ^ Cope 2012, p. 102.
- ^ Erekson 2017, p. 2.
- ^ Erekson 2017, p. 5.
- ^ Erekson 2017, p. 6.
- ^ Newell 2013, p. 6.
- ^ Newell 2013, p. 5.
- ^ a b c Bushman 2013, p. 204.
- ^ Shipps 2007, pp. 504–505.
- ^ Bushman 2013, p. 206.
- ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 234–235.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Quinn 1992, p. viii.
Bibliography
- Arrington, Leonard J. (1959). "An Economic Interpretation of the 'Word of Wisdom'". BYU Studies. 1 (1): 37–49. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
- Barlow, Philip (2004). "Jan Shipps and the Mainstreaming of Mormon Studies". Church History. 73 (2): 412–426. doi:10.1017/S0009640700109321. ISSN 1755-2613. JSTOR 4146530. S2CID 162416701. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
- Bushman, Richard Lyman (2013). "Commencement of Mormon Studies". In Newell, Quincy D.; Mason, Eric F. (eds.). New Perspectives in Mormon Studies: Creating and Crossing Boundaries. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 197ff. ISBN 978-0-8061-4313-2.
- Cope, Rachel (2012). "Shifting the Plot: Possibilities in Mormon Women's History". Journal of Mormon History. 38 (2): 100–108. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
- Erekson, Keith A. (2017). "Charting the Past and Future of Mormon Women's History". In Cope, Rachel; Easton-Flake, Amy; Erekson, Keith A.; Tait, Lisa Olsen (eds.). Mormon Women's History: Beyond Biography. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 1–25. ISBN 978-1-61147-964-5.
- Flanders, Robert (1974). "Some Reflections on the New Mormon History". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 9 (1): 34–41. ISSN 1554-9399. JSTOR 45224462.
- Forsberg, Clyde R., Jr. (2008). "Lying for a Good Purpose: Book of Mormon Apologetics Over the Years". Proceedings, 2008 International Conference: Twenty Years and More: Research into Minority Religions, New Religious Movements and "the New Spirituality". London: Center for Studies on New Religions.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Helfrich, Ronald, Jr. (2011). Idols of the Tribes: An Intellectual and Critical History of 19th and 20th Century Mormon Studies (PhD thesis). Albany, New York: State University of New York at Albany. OCLC 858280102.
{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Newell, Quincy D. (2013). "Introduction". In Newell, Quincy D.; Mason, Eric F. (eds.). New Perspectives in Mormon Studies: Creating and Crossing Boundaries. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 1–16. ISBN 978-0-8061-4313-2.
- Quinn, D. Michael (1992). "Editor's Introduction". In Quinn, D. Michael (ed.). The New Mormon History: Revisionist Essays on the Mormon Past. Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books. ISBN 978-156085-011-3. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
- Shipps, Jan (2007). "Richard Lyman Bushman, the Story of Joseph Smith and Mormonism, and the New Mormon History". Journal of American History. 94 (2): 498–516. doi:10.2307/25094962. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 25094962.