Multivalent battery

Multivalent batteries are energy storage and delivery technologies (i.e., electro-chemical energy storage) that employ multivalent ions, e.g., Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, Al³⁺ as the active charge carrier in the electrolytes as well as in the electrodes (anode and cathode). Multivalent batteries are generally pursued for the potentially greater capacity, owing to greater ion valency, as well as natural mineral abundance.

Overview

Multivalent ion batteries are considered post-Li battery systems that can be potential alternatives to incumbent Li-ion and emerging Lithium metal systems.^[1] Owing to their greater valency, they can provide greater energy density and storage capacity. Multivalent minerals are generally available in relatively greater abundance, possibly offering low costs and mitigate concerns over supply chain sustainability. The charge density of multivalent cations is also higher than for monovalent ions.

On the other hand, achieving high ionic conductivity and reversible cycling is more challenging when using multivalent ions as charge carriers.^[2]^[3]

Examples

Magnesium

Magnesium (ion) batteries use magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) as the charge carrier.^[4]

Calcium

Calcium (ion) batteries use calcium ions (Ca²⁺) as the charge carrier. Current battery configurations include either calcium metal or carbon phases as the anode and oxide or sulfide based ceramics as the cathode.^[5]

Zinc

Zinc (ion) batteries use zinc ions (Zn²⁺) as the charge carrier.^[6] For example Zinc–carbon batteries.

Aluminum

Aluminum (ion) batteries use aluminum ions (Al³⁺) as the charge carrier.^[7]

References

^ Ponrouch, Alexandre; Palacín, M. Rosa (2019-08-26). "Post-Li batteries: promises and challenges". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 377 (2152): 20180297. Bibcode:2019RSPTA.37780297P. doi:10.1098/rsta.2018.0297. PMC 6635625. PMID 31280715.
^ Xiao, Albert W.; Galatolo, Giulia; Pasta, Mauro (2021-10-20). "The case for fluoride-ion batteries". Joule. 5 (11): 2823–2844. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2021.09.016. ISSN 2542-4785. S2CID 239564943.
^ Ponrouch, A.; Bitenc, J.; Dominko, R.; Lindahl, N.; Johansson, P.; Palacin, M. R. (2019-07-01). "Multivalent rechargeable batteries". Energy Storage Materials. 20: 253–262. doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2019.04.012. ISSN 2405-8297. S2CID 164893818.
^ Chen, Xingrui; Liu, Xuan; Le, Qichi; Zhang, Mingxing; Liu, Ming; Atrens, Andrej (2021-06-01). "A comprehensive review of the development of magnesium anodes for primary batteries". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 9 (21): 12367–12399. doi:10.1039/D1TA01471D. ISSN 2050-7496. S2CID 235550922.
^ Hosein, Ian D. (2021-04-09). "The Promise of Calcium Batteries: Open Perspectives and Fair Comparisons". ACS Energy Letters. 6 (4): 1560–1565. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00593.
^ Zhang, Tengsheng; Tang, Yan; Guo, Shan; Cao, Xinxin; Pan, Anqiang; Fang, Guozhao; Zhou, Jiang; Liang, Shuquan (2020-12-16). "Fundamentals and perspectives in developing zinc-ion battery electrolytes: a comprehensive review". Energy & Environmental Science. 13 (12): 4625–4665. doi:10.1039/D0EE02620D. ISSN 1754-5706. S2CID 225113096.
^ Craig, Ben; Schoetz, Theresa; Cruden, Andrew; Ponce De Leon, Carlos (2020-11-01). "Review of current progress in non-aqueous aluminium batteries". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 133: 110100. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110100. ISSN 1364-0321. S2CID 224999869.

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[1] Ponrouch, Alexandre; Palacín, M. Rosa (2019-08-26). "Post-Li batteries: promises and challenges". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 377 (2152): 20180297. Bibcode:2019RSPTA.37780297P. doi:10.1098/rsta.2018.0297. PMC 6635625. PMID 31280715.

[2] Xiao, Albert W.; Galatolo, Giulia; Pasta, Mauro (2021-10-20). "The case for fluoride-ion batteries". Joule. 5 (11): 2823–2844. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2021.09.016. ISSN 2542-4785. S2CID 239564943.

[3] Ponrouch, A.; Bitenc, J.; Dominko, R.; Lindahl, N.; Johansson, P.; Palacin, M. R. (2019-07-01). "Multivalent rechargeable batteries". Energy Storage Materials. 20: 253–262. doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2019.04.012. ISSN 2405-8297. S2CID 164893818.

[4] Chen, Xingrui; Liu, Xuan; Le, Qichi; Zhang, Mingxing; Liu, Ming; Atrens, Andrej (2021-06-01). "A comprehensive review of the development of magnesium anodes for primary batteries". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 9 (21): 12367–12399. doi:10.1039/D1TA01471D. ISSN 2050-7496. S2CID 235550922.

[5] Hosein, Ian D. (2021-04-09). "The Promise of Calcium Batteries: Open Perspectives and Fair Comparisons". ACS Energy Letters. 6 (4): 1560–1565. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00593.

[6] Zhang, Tengsheng; Tang, Yan; Guo, Shan; Cao, Xinxin; Pan, Anqiang; Fang, Guozhao; Zhou, Jiang; Liang, Shuquan (2020-12-16). "Fundamentals and perspectives in developing zinc-ion battery electrolytes: a comprehensive review". Energy & Environmental Science. 13 (12): 4625–4665. doi:10.1039/D0EE02620D. ISSN 1754-5706. S2CID 225113096.

[7] Craig, Ben; Schoetz, Theresa; Cruden, Andrew; Ponce De Leon, Carlos (2020-11-01). "Review of current progress in non-aqueous aluminium batteries". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 133: 110100. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110100. ISSN 1364-0321. S2CID 224999869.

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