East Molokai Volcano
| East Molokai Volcano | |
|---|---|
| Wailau | |
 Aerial photo of the southwestern flank of East Molokai Volcano | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,512 m (4,961 ft) |
| Coordinates | 21°07′N 156°50′W / 21.11°N 156.84°W |
| Geography | |
 | |
| Location | Molokai, Hawaii, United States |
| Parent range | Hawaiian Islands |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Shield volcano |
| Volcanic arc/belt | Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain |
The East Molokai Volcano, sometimes also known as Wailau for the Wailau valley on its north side,[1] is an extinct shield volcano comprising the eastern two-thirds of the island of Molokaʻi in the U.S. state of Hawaii.
Description
The East Molokai has a width of 70 km (43 mi) and a length of 150 km (93 mi). It is overlapped by the West Molokai, Lanai and Haleakalā shield volcanoes. Its shield formation began two million years ago and ended 1.5 million years ago whereas its postshield eruptions occurred 1.5 to 1.3 million years ago. The pahoehoe shield volcano of the Kalaupapa Peninsula postdates the main shield volcano of East Molokai and is considered to represent the last volcanic phase of East Molokai.[1]
East Molokai was one of the seven principal volcanoes, along with West Molokai, Lānaʻi, West Maui, East Maui, Penguin Bank and Kahoʻolawe, that formerly constituted the island of Maui Nui.
The highest point is the peak called Kamakou on the southern rim, at 21°6′23″N 156°52′5″W / 21.10639°N 156.86806°W.[2][3] The Pēpēʻōpae bog is just below the rim.[4]
The northern flank of the volcano has been truncated by enormous cliffs rising 900 m (3,000 ft) from the sea. The sea cliffs were formed when the northern third of the East Molokai Volcano suddenly collapsed and slid off into the sea, about 1.4 million years ago. The landslide was so fast and powerful that it extended 190 km (120 mi) into the sea, and generated a 600 m (2,000 ft)-high megatsunami that inundated the rest of Molokai and severely damaged the surrounding Hawaiian Islands before eventually reaching the coastlines of California and Mexico.[5]
See also
References
- ^ a b Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (2001). Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-521-43811-7. OCLC 27910629.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kamakou
- ^ Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel Hoyt Elbert; Esther T. Mookini (2004). "lookup of Kamakou ". in Place Names of Hawai'i. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pēpē‘ōpae
- ^ "Kalaupapa Settlement Boundary Study. Along North Shore to Halawa Valley, Molokai" (PDF). National Park Service. 2001. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
External links
- Melvin H. Beeson (1976). "Petrology, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry of the East Molokai Volcanic Series, Hawaii" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
- "East Molokai". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- Volcanoes of Maui Nui
- Landforms of Molokai
- Geography of Kalawao County, Hawaii
- Geography of Maui County, Hawaii
- Shield volcanoes of the United States
- Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
- Polygenetic shield volcanoes
- Extinct volcanoes of the United States
- Hotspot volcanoes
- Pleistocene shield volcanoes
- Pleistocene Oceania
- Cenozoic Hawaii