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Hypoallergenic dog food

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Allergies affect many different dog breeds, but collies are one of the breeds that are commonly affected[1]

Hypoallergenic dog food diets are created for dogs that experience food-related allergies causing adverse effects to their physical health.Super Hypoallergenic is enzymatic hydrolyzed hypoallergenic ostrich protein. The molecules that usually become allergens are intact proteins[2] or glycoproteins.[3] Hypoallergenic dog food diets offer a variety of protein sources that are unique by using proteins that are not recognized by the dog's antibodies as being antigens, minimizing allergic reactions for example Ostrich meat, bones and sinews.[3] Adding novel protein sources, such as novel meats that a dog or its ancestors have never been exposed to is one method.[3] Novel proteins can also be created by chemically modifying well known protein sources using hydrolysis techniques, rendering proteins unrecognizable by the gastrointestinal tract.[4] Not all antigens are specific to proteins, however, and it is possible for anything that the body ingests to become an allergen.[5] Providing diets with a limited amount of ingredients can be used for diagnostic purposes, as well as for dogs who are allergic to the common ingredients that are used in pet food.[4] Certain nutrients are commonly incorporated into hypoallergenic dog food to help alleviate the symptoms of an allergic reaction. These ingredients include omega-3 fatty acids,[6] Vitamins A and E,[6] zinc,[6] novel carbohydrates,[7] and fiber.[8]

Allergen responses and symptoms

Rashes are common in dogs suffering from food-related allergic reactions[9]

Allergens can elicit both immunologic and non-immunologic responses.[2] Immunologic reactions, also known as Type 1 reactions,[10] are caused by the binding of ingested molecules to specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies.[11] Once binding occurs, mast cell degranulation follows, releasing granules that initiate the symptoms of an allergic reaction in the body.[2] These immunological reactions are almost instantaneous,[10] and it is widely accepted that the molecules which bind to IgE antibodies are usually intact proteins.[2] Non-immunologic, or non-IgE mediated reactions are less understood, but are known to present similar symptoms as immunologic reactions.[3] These reactions can be classified under food sensitivities, and it is argued that they are not truly allergenic.[2] Whether a reaction is truly allergenic in nature or a sensitivity, it is important that hypoallergenic dog foods provide the ingredients necessary to keep canines from experiencing discomfort.

The signs of a canine food allergy or sensitivity vary greatly, but the most common to look for include rashes, swelling, itchy or tender skin, and gastrointestinal upsets.[9] These signs are very similar to, but should not be confused with canine atopic dermatitis, which is not caused by food allergies.[9]

Diet types

Hydrolyzed protein diets

One of the possible causes of food allergies in dogs is a reaction of the dog's immune system to the proteins in a diet.[12] One method that may be used to try and combat this immunologic response in dogs with food allergies is the use of hydrolyzed proteins in the diet. Whole proteins are composed of single amino acids organized into a chain, which then interact in order to fold the protein into its final three-dimensional structure.[13] Hydrolyzed proteins are whole proteins that have been broken down into smaller polypeptides through a process called protein hydrolysis. One method of protein hydrolysis involves the use of enzymes specific to proteins called proteases.[14] Proteases act by cleaving or cutting whole proteins at specific amino acids within their structure in order to form multiple small polypeptides from a single whole protein.[14] Different proteases are specific to different amino acids, and as such multiple proteases may be used in order to cut a protein at several different locations.[14] The theory behind the use of these small peptides in food as an alternative to whole proteins is that their small size will prevent them from stimulating the immune system of the gut, thereby reducing and/or preventing an allergic reaction.[12] When hydrolyzed proteins are used in hypoallergenic canine diets it is with the hopes of avoiding an immunologic reaction both in dogs that have consumed the whole protein previously and in dogs whose intestinal tract has never seen the whole protein before but has been known to react to other protein types.[2]

Novel protein diets

Beef, soy, chicken, turkey and egg products are commonly used ingredients in commercial dog foods as a source of protein.[3][15] These protein sources have been proven to elicit an allergic response in dogs with food allergies.[3] Novel sources of protein can be used in place of these allergenic ingredients to meet the feeding requirements for a dog, while minimizing or eliminating the chances of an allergic response. For a protein to be considered novel, it must be one that the dog has not consumed before.[16] Novel protein sources include venison, veal, kangaroo and fish, such as salmon.[17]

Limited ingredient diets

Introducing a food that consists of limited ingredients is a common method of reducing the occurrence of food related allergic reactions in dogs. Limited ingredient diets are made up of fewer ingredients, typically limiting the formula to one protein, carbohydrate, and/or fat.[18] This is an attempt to improve digestion and reduce the likelihood of a reaction ensuing in dogs with sensitivities to common ingredients found in most commercial dog foods.[19] These diets will avoid protein and carbohydrate sources, such as beef, dairy, poultry, barley, and wheat.[4] There are many feed ingredients that have been observed to predispose animals to diet related reactions. This is due to their frequent exposure to such ingredients, which makes it likely for them to adopt sensitivities and allergies to commercial dog foods.[20] Studies have shown that it is possible for dogs to have symptoms caused by more than one ingredient in a given diet, this makes the use of a limited ingredient diet relevant as a result of the inclusion of single protein and carbohydrate sources.[20] If symptoms of food allergies persist after the introduction of this type of diet, it can also be helpful for determining the new allergen that is causing the adverse reaction due to the limited number of ingredients.[4] Although these diets consist of fewer dietary ingredients, they still provide all the necessary nutrients to meet the animal's requirements.

Nutrients included in hypoallergenic diets

Omega-3 fatty acids

Essential n-3 fatty acids in dog food help to treat the inflammation associated with allergic reactions.[6] These essential fatty acids help to manage inflammatory responses by changing the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids produced during a reaction.[6] They also help to maintain healthy skin and to maintain cell structure.[6] These n-3 fatty acids are usually incorporated into dog food diets by using ingredients like fish oil.[21]

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is involved in cell growth and division, as well as hair growth and skin maintenance.[6] Since some of the key symptoms of food allergies include damage to the skin,[9] it is important to include Vitamin A in hypoallergenic diets to help clear up the damage done by any previous allergic reactions a dog may have had. Ingredients in dog food that function as a source of vitamin A are fish oils such as cod oil.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is an antioxidant which has important functions in immune health.[6] These compounds scavenge for free radicals, protecting cell membranes from damage caused by lipid oxidation.[6] This is beneficial to have in hypoallergenic dog food diets to help maintain cell integrity in case damage does occur due to a reaction. Vitamin E is commonly found just as a vitamin supplement in diets, but it is also present in other food ingredients such as soybean oil,[22] corn oil,[23] olive oil,[24] and sunflower oil.[25]

Zinc

Zinc supplementation in hypoallergenic dog foods aids in the maintenance of skin and coat health.[6] Zinc also plays a role in mitigating inflammatory and immune reactions.[6] Zinc can be found supplemented as a mineral in the diet, but it can also be added in the diet through lamb meat, as this ingredient is known to be high in zinc.[26]

Novel carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are large macronutrients which supply energy to the organism consuming them, and include nutrients such as sugars, oligosaccharides, and starches.[27] Dogs may become sensitive or allergic to certain carbohydrate sources in their diet, and novel carbohydrates may be used in an attempt to avoid this reaction.[7] Novel carbohydrates are carbohydrates which the dog they are being fed to has never consumed before. Some examples of novel carbohydrate ingredients include brown rice and sweet potato,[3] as well as brewer's rice.[28]

Fiber

Negative digestive effects that accompany dietary food allergies can be reduced by including soluble and insoluble fibers. Insoluble fibers have a relatively low fermentability, which help to decrease the negative digestive effects such as gas and soft stools.[8] When soluble fibers are mixed with water they form a gel-like substance which helps to reduce gastric emptying in order to increase the time available for nutrients to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.[8] Compounds called fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are found in various soluble fibers, which aid in promoting intestinal health.[29] FOS act as a prebiotic to increase the growth of beneficial bacteria and hinder the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the animal's digestive tract. Common ingredients in dog food that provide such fibers include beet pulp, cellulose and chicory root.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ Verlinden, A.; Hesta, M.; Millet, S.; Janssens, G. P.J. (2007). "Food Allergy in Dogs and Cats: A Review". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 46 (3): 259–273. doi:10.1080/10408390591001117. PMID 16527756. S2CID 32026297.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Cave, Nicholas, J. (2006). "Hydrolyzed Protein Diets for Dogs and Cats". Veterinary Clinics Small Animal Practice. 36 (6): 1251–1268. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.08.008. PMID 17085233.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Kennis, Robert, A. (2006). "Food Allergies: Update of Pathogenesis, Diagnoses, and Management". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 36 (1): 175–184. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.09.012. PMID 16364783.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c d Verlindin, A., Hesta, M., Millet, S., Janssens, G.P.J. (2007). "Food Allergy in Dogs and Cats: A Review". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 46 (3): 259–273. doi:10.1080/10408390591001117. PMID 16527756. S2CID 32026297.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Shmuel, D.L., Cortes, Y. (2013). "Anaphylaxis in dogs and cats". Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 23 (4): 377–394. doi:10.1111/vec.12066. PMID 23855441 – via Scholars Portal Journals.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Watson, Tim D.G. (December 1998). "Diet and Skin Disease in Dogs and Cats". J. Nutr. 128 (12 Suppl): 2783S–2789S. doi:10.1093/jn/128.12.2783S. PMID 9868266 – via Pub Med.
  7. ^ a b Commins, Scott P; Platts-Mills, Thomas AE (2010). "Antigenicity of carbohydrates and their role in anaphylactic events". Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 10 (1): 29–33. doi:10.1007/s11882-009-0079-1. PMC 3057034. PMID 20425511.
  8. ^ a b c Loureiro B.A., Sakomura N.K., Vasconcellos R.S., Sembenelli G., Gomes M.O.S., Monti M., Malheiros E.B., Kawauchi I.M., Carciofi A.C. (2016). "Insoluble fibers, satiety and food intake in cats fed kibble diets". Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 101 (5): 824–834. doi:10.1111/jpn.12468. PMID 27080580. S2CID 21683003.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b c d Favrot, Claud (2016). "Diagnosis of canine atopic dermatitis (including food allergy)" (PDF). World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology – via ZORA.
  10. ^ a b El-Awady, M.S., Said, E. (2013). "Vardenafil ameliorates immunologic- and non-immunologic-induced allergic reactions". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 92 (3): 175–180. doi:10.1139/cjpp-2013-0316. PMID 24593781.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Spitzauer, S. (1999). "Allergy to Mammalian Proteins: At the Borderline between Foreign and Self?". International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 120 (4): 259–269. doi:10.1159/000024278. PMID 10640909. S2CID 45992967.
  12. ^ a b Mandigers, PJJ; Biourge, V; van den Ingh, TSGAM; Ankringa, N; German, AJ (2010). "A randomized, open-label, positively-controlled field trail of a hydrolyzed protein diet in dogs with chronic small bowel enteropathy". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 24 (6): 1350–1367. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0632.x. PMID 21054541.
  13. ^ Murphy, KP (2001). "Stabilization of protein structure". Protein structure, stability, and folding. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp. 1–16.
  14. ^ a b c Tavano, OL (2013). "Protein hydrolysis using proteases: An important tool for food biotechnology". Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic. 90: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.01.011.
  15. ^ Jensen-Jarolim, Erika (2017). Comparative Medicine: Disorders Linking Humans with Their Animals. Springer. p. 121.
  16. ^ Dodds, W. Jean (2014). Canine Nutrigenomics: The New Science of Feeding Your Dog for Optimum Heath.
  17. ^ Holowinski, Margaret (2011). The Everything Rottweiler Book: A Complete Guide to Raising, Training, and Caring for Your Rottweiler. Simon and Schuster.
  18. ^ Sarah Wooten DVM, "What's The Purpose Of Limited Ingredient Dog Food?", The Idle Pup
  19. ^ Di Donfrancesco B, Koppel K, Chambers E (2012). "An initial lexicon for sensory properties of dry dog food". Journal of Sensory Studies. 27 (6): 498–510. doi:10.1111/joss.12017.
  20. ^ a b Paterson S. (1995). "Food hypersensitivity in 20 dogs with skin and gastrointestinal signs". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 36 (12): 529–534. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1995.tb02803.x. PMID 8926721.
  21. ^ Stoeckel, K., Nielson, L.H., Fuhrmann, H., Bachmann, L. (2011). "Fatty acid patterns of dog erythrocyte membranes after feeding of a fish-oil based DHA-rich supplement with a base diet low in n-3 fatty acids versus a diet containing added n-3 fatty acids". Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 53 (1): 57–68. doi:10.1186/1751-0147-53-57. PMC 3213045. PMID 22024384 – via Scholar's Portal.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  22. ^ Teixeira, P. D., Ferreira, A. V. P., Neto, O. R. M., Gionbelli, M. P., and Santos, L. R. (2017). "Fatty acid profile of omasum from cattle fed with soybean oil, selenium and vitamin E". Journal of Animal Science. 95: 267–268. doi:10.2527/asasann.2017.547. hdl:11449/159789. ProQuest 1947372553.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Valls, V., Goicoechea, M., Muniz, P., Saez, G.T., and Cabo, J.R. (2003). "Effect of corn oil and vitamin E on the oxidative status of adipose tissues and liver in rat". Food Chemistry. 81 (2): 281–286. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00425-9.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Kirimlioglu, V., Kirimliogu, H., Yilmaz, S., Ozgor, D., Coban. S., Karadag, N., and Yologlu, S. (2006). "Effect of Fish Oil, Olive Oil, and Vitamin E on Liver Pathology, Cell Proliferation, and Antioxidant Defense System in Rats Subjected to Partial Hepatectomy". Transplantation Proceedings. 38 (2): 564–567. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.02.005. PMID 16549176.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Narimani-Rad. M., Nobakht, A., and Lotfi, A. (2011). "Influence of dietary supplemented semi-refined sunflower oil with vitamin E on some of serum biochemical and immunological measures in laying hens". Advances in Environmental Biology. 5: 1955–1959 – via InfoTrac.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Hazell, Terrence (1982). "Iron and zinc compounds in the muscle meats of beef, lamb, pork, and chicken". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 33 (10): 1049–1056. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740331017. PMID 7176546 – via Wiley Online Library.
  27. ^ Knapp, Brenda K; Parsons, Carl M; Swanson, Kelly S; Fahey, George C (2008). "Physiological responses to novel carbohydrates as assessed using canine and avian models". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (17): 7999–8006. doi:10.1021/jf801042b. PMID 18707118.
  28. ^ Knapp, B.K., Parsons, C.M., Swanson K.S., and Fahey, G.C. (2008). "Physiological Responses to Novel Carbohydrates as Assessed using Canine and Avian Models". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (17): 7999–8006. doi:10.1021/jf801042b. PMID 18707118.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ a b Skaer Veterinary Clinic. (n.d.). Common Pet Food Ingredients. Retrieved from: http://www.skaervet.com/documents/Common%20Pet%20Food%20Ingredients.pdf
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