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Canada's Cup

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This article is about yachting. For other uses, see Canada Cup (disambiguation).
The Canada's Cup is a perpetual trophy awarded to the winner of a sailing match race between a yacht representing a Canadian yacht club and a yacht representing an American yacht club.

The Canada’s Cup is a silver trophy, deeded in perpetuity in 1896, to be awarded to the winner of a series of match races between a yacht representing a Canadian yacht club and one representing an American yacht club, both to be located on the Great Lakes.[1]

The Cup matches were intended to be a test of the challenger’s and the defender’s abilities to design and build a yacht to the prevailing measurement rule, and to sail that yacht to victory. In a substantial departure from the original goal of the Cup to encourage racing yacht design, the 2001-2011 Cup challenge races were sailed in the Farr 40, and subsequently in the 2021 and 2022 Cup challenges in the Melges IC37: both one-design class yachts.[2][3]

The Cup is approximately 30 cm (12 inches) high excluding base, specifically crafted for a cross-border sailing competition in 1896, and is an engraved bowl, gilt inside, whose richly embellished supporting pedestal depicts a lion (symbolising the British Empire of which Canada was a part at that time) and an eagle (symbolising the American Republic).

Origin

The yacht Canada (left) skippered by Aemilius Jarvis crosses tacks with Vencedor on Lake Erie near Toledo, Ohio, in the 1896 Canada's Cup match-racing series from which Canada emerged the victor.

In 1895, the Lincoln Park Yacht Club of Chicago[4] challenged the Royal Canadian Yacht Club of Toronto (RCYC) to a series of races, to be held on “neutral” waters in the summer of 1896. As yacht racing was then a popular spectator sport, several cities competed to have the competition held in their waters; the winner was Toledo, Ohio, which put up a silver trophy made by Tiffany & Co. along with a cash prize of $1,500 (over $31,000 in 2012 purchasing power[5]) – a customary practice in those days.

The American yacht, Vencedor, already in build at the time of the challenge, was a 63-foot cutter drawn by Thorwald S. Poekel, the former chief draughtsman at the renowned Herreshoff Manufacturing Company. The Canadian response was a 57-foot cutter designed by William Fife and named Canada. In the summer of 1896, both yachts sailed in company to Toledo, racing against other yachts along the way and building excitement along their respective voyages.

Canada won the first race in moderate weather. The following day brought high winds and rain; not wanting to expose a prized mainsail to high wind and rain, Vencedor's skipper asked for a lay day.[6] Realizing how disadvantaged his vessel would be in heavy weather, Canada's skipper, Aemilius Jarvis, agreed to the postponement. The following day, the weather moderated and Canada took the series with two straight wins, collecting the cash and the trophy.

Jarvis and his syndicate then deeded the Cup to RCYC “as a perpetual challenge cup for friendly competition between representatives of yacht clubs of the two nations bordering on the Great Lakes.”[7] Jarvis would sail for the Cup four more times, as defender and challenger before relinquishing the helm to another RCYC member.

Conditions For Competition

Defiant and Heartbreaker cross tacks in the 2003 Canada's Cup match, closely followed by umpire boats.

A challenge must be cross-border (a US club may not challenge a US club nor a Canadian club another Canadian club), but other than that restriction, any yacht club on the Great Lakes may issue a challenge to the current holder. Once the challenge has been accepted, the defending club must select a defender from within the club. The challenger, however, must open its selection to any yacht from its own side of the border. In some years, the result has been an intense round of races on both sides to select the boats for the final series.

In theory, choice of the type of yacht is the sole prerogative of the challenger; in practice, it is the subject of negotiation, not only to accord with the current appreciation of what constitutes an appropriate vessel for competition at this level, but to leaven the considerable expense with a design that would have a respectable service life after the contest. Accordingly, yachts have been designed to whatever leading-edge but acceptably stable rating rule was in force at the time. Canada and Vencedor were designed to the Seawanhaka rule. Subsequent vessels have been built to the Universal Rule, Girth Rule, The International Rule and Cruising Club of America Rule, then the International Offshore Rule and MORC.

One Design vs Development Class

From 2001 until 2011, the Farr 40 one-design yacht was used. Choice of this design not only assured owners of having a useful boat at the end of the series, it had the effect of focussing the competition on crew and tactical skills.

For the 2016 challenge, the committee decided against one design yachts and reverted to the original approach of one off yachts built to a design standard/rule. The 8-Metre yacht an International Rule type class, used in the 1930, 1932, and 1934 challenges and last sailed in the 1954 Canada's Cup, was chosen.[8] Three boats sailed for the right to challenge and three boats sailed to be chosen as defender for the 2016 Cup.[9] The 2016 8-Metre World Championship held in Toronto three weeks before the 2016 Canada's Cup competition helped generate significant media interest for both events.[10]

For the 2020 challenge the Canada’s Cup Committee selected the Melges IC37, a strict one-design class, for the 2020, 2022 and 2024 Canada's Cup events. The 2020 Canada's Cup event was cancelled due to the Covid 19 epidemic and deferred to 2021 when it was held at the Royal Canadian Yacht Club.[11]

Competitors

Year Victor Club Owner/Skipper Defeated Club Owner/Skipper Venue
1896 Canada Royal Canadian Yacht Club Aemilius Jarvis Vencedor Lincoln Park Yacht Club* Captain J. G. Barbour Toledo
1899 Genesee Chicago Yacht Club C. G. Davis Beaver Royal Canadian Yacht Club Aemilius Jarvis Chicago
1901 Invader Royal Canadian Yacht Club Aemilius Jarvis Cadillac of Detroit Chicago Yacht Club W. M. Hale Thompson Chicago
1903 Irondequoit Rochester Yacht Club Jas. Barr Strathcona Royal Canadian Yacht Club Aemilius Jarvis Toronto
1905 Iroquois Rochester Yacht Club L. G. Mabbett Temeraire Royal Canadian Yacht Club E. K. M. Wedd Rochester
1907 Seneca Rochester Yacht Club Addison G. Hanon Adele Royal Canadian Yacht Club Aemilius Jarvis Rochester
1930 Thisbe Rochester Yacht Club W. P. Barrows Quest Royal Canadian Yacht Club N. R. Gooderham Rochester
1932 Conewago Rochester Yacht Club Wilmot V. Castle Invader II Royal Canadian Yacht Club Walter Windeyer Rochester
1934 Conewago Rochester Yacht Club Wilmot V. Castle Invader II Royal Canadian Yacht Club Walter Windeyer Rochester
1954 Venture II Royal Canadian Yacht Club Owner/Norman Walsh

Skipper/David Howard

Iskareen Rochester Yacht Club Howard Klitgard Rochester
1969 Manitou Royal Canadian Yacht Club Owners/Perry Connolly, Gordon Fisher, Gordon Osler

Skipper/Gordon Fisher

Niagara Cleveland Yachting Club John Lovett Toronto
1972 Dynamite Bayview Yacht Club Lloyd Ecclestone Mirage Royal Canadian Yacht Club Owner/Syndicate

Skipper/Gordon Fisher

Toronto
1975 Golden Dazy Bayview Yacht Club Don Criner Marauder Royal Canadian Yacht Club Owner/Syndicate

Skipper/David Howard

Detroit
1978 Evergreen Royal Hamilton Yacht Club Owner/Skipper Don Green Agape Bayview Yacht Club Terry Kohler Detroit
1981 Coug Royal Hamilton Yacht Club Owner/Skipper Tony Ronza Black Magic Bayview Yacht Club Skipper Mike "Grizz" Thompson Hamilton
1984 Coug II Royal Canadian Yacht Club Owner/Skipper Tony Ronza Stars and Stripes Bayview Yacht Club Bill Martin Toronto
1988 Challenge 88 Bayview Yacht Club John Uznis Steadfast Royal Canadian Yacht Club Owner/Skipper Fred Sherratt Toronto
1994 Champion Eagle Bayview Yacht Club Wally Cross Absolute Royal Canadian Yacht Club Owner/Brian Rikley

Skipper/Hans Fogh

Detroit
2001 Defiant Royal Canadian Yacht Club Owner/Paul Phelan

Skipper/Terry McLaughlin

Saturn Bayview Yacht Club Robert Hughes Detroit
2003 Defiant Royal Canadian Yacht Club Owner/Paul Phelan

Skipper/Terry McLaughlin

Heartbreaker Macatawa Bay Yacht Club Robert Hughes Toronto
2007 Heartbreaker Macatawa Bay Yacht Club Robert Hughes Honour Royal Canadian Yacht Club Alec Krstajic Toronto.
2010 Convexity Chicago Match Race Center Don Wilson Vincere Port Credit Yacht Club Owner/Grant Hood

Skipper/Oskar Johansson

Chicago
2011 Vincere Royal Canadian Yacht Club Owner/Grant Hood

Skipper/Oskar Johansson

Heritage Macatawa Bay Yacht Club Robert Hughes Macatawa Bay
2016[12] Hollandia Royal Canadian Yacht Club Owner/Tim van Rootselaar

Skipper/Bryan Gooderham

Yquem Youngstown Yacht Club Adam Burns Toronto
2021[13] Defiant Royal Canadian Yacht Club Owner/Paul L'Heureux

Skipper/Terry McLaughlin

Zing Youngstown Yacht Club Adam Burns Toronto
2022[14] Defiant Royal Canadian Yacht Club Owner/Paul L'Heureux

Skipper/Terry McLaughlin

Zing Youngstown Yacht Club Adam Burns Toronto
  • Merged with Chicago Yacht Club, 1920 [15]

References

  1. ^ Annals of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club, Vol. III, 1955-2000, ISBN 1-895244-01-3 (v.3) pp 379-416
  2. ^ "RCYC launches new Canada’s Cup program", http://www.canadianyachting.ca/news-and-events/current/4296-rcyc-launches-new-canada-s-cup-program
  3. ^ "New Era for Canada’s Cup", https://www.sailingscuttlebutt.com/2017/11/30/new-era-canadas-cup/
  4. ^ Merged with the Chicago Yacht Club, 1920 https://www.chicagoyachtclub.org/Default.aspx?p=DynamicModule&pageid=366037&ssid=277332&vnf=1 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ The Bank of Canada (http://www.bankofcanada.ca/rates/related/inflation-calculator/ ) and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm ) on-line inflation calculators go back only to 1914 and 1913, respectively, but give a 2012 value for this sum of $30,889.83 and $34,712.73.
  6. ^ A colourful and entertaining account of the Toledo series, http://www.sailingscuttlebutt.com/news/07/cc/ retrieved 26/8/12.
  7. ^ Deed of Gift, Royal Canadian Yacht Club Archives.
  8. ^ Private communication with Canada's Cup committee members.
  9. ^ The Wikipedia article focusess on Classic boats; from a match-racing point of view, the principal difference lies in manoeuvrability conferred by the Modern boats' short-chord, bulbed and winged keels.
  10. ^ "Elegant Eight Metres". 7 September 2017.
  11. ^ "New Era for Canada's Cup >> Scuttlebutt Sailing News". 30 November 2017.
  12. ^ canadianyachting.ca: "Canada’s Hollandia wins the 24th Canada’s Cup Championship", Sept 21, 2016
  13. ^ "Canada wins 25th Canada's Cup >> Scuttlebutt Sailing News". 5 September 2021.
  14. ^ "Canada wins 2022 Canada's Cup >> Scuttlebutt Sailing News". 3 September 2022.
  15. ^ "Timeline - Chicago Yacht Club". Archived from the original on 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2014-01-08.

Media related to Canada's Cup at Wikimedia Commons

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