Criminal procedure in California
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As one of the fifty states of the United States, California follows common law criminal procedure. The principal source of law for California criminal procedure is the California Penal Code, Part 2, "Of Criminal Procedure."
With a population of about 40 million people, in California every year there are approximately:
- 166 thousand violent crimes and one million property crimes committed[1]
- 1.5 million arrests made[2]
- 270,000 felony cases, 900,000 misdemeanor cases, and 5 million infraction cases heard[3] by the California superior courts
There are currently 130,000 people in state prisons[4] and 70,000 people in county jails.[5] Of these, there are 746 people who have been sentenced to death.[6]
Arrest
The first step in criminal procedure is for the defendant to be arrested by the police. In California, the police may arrest a person:
- for a misdemeanor crime if the police have probable cause and personally witnessed the crime occur in front of them or the police have a signed arrest warrant from a judge[7]
- for a felony crime if the police have probable cause that the person committed a felony, a statement from someone who witnessed the felony, or the police have a signed arrest warrant from a judge[8]
If the police are claiming that they have an arrest warrant, the defendant can demand to be shown it. If the police do not have the warrant with them at the time, they can still make the arrest, but they must show the warrant to the defendant "as soon as practicable."[9]
Citation instead of Arrest
Alternatively, instead of arrest the police may choose to issue a citation (i.e. "notice to appear in court") if the police believe the risk of the defendant not showing up to court for arraignment (see next section below) is low. The effect is the same as arrest, but the defendant does not have to be handcuffed and taken to jail and instead remains free as long as they go to their arraignment. If the defendant fails to appear in court for their scheduled arraignment, the judge will most likely issue an arrest warrant and the police will then go into the community, find the defendant, and take them into custody.
Search
After being arrested, the defendant may be searched by the police. If the police would like to search a person or their property before making an arrest, they must have probable cause to do so or a signed search warrant from a judge. A search warrant is different from an arrest warrant.
Interrogation
If the police want to interrogate the defendant, they must first read the Miranda warning to the defendant, advising them of their rights.[10] The defendant does not have to answer any questions of the police.
Pre-Trial Custody
Upon arrest, the police will take the defendant to the local (city or county) pre-trial jail. This differs from state prison. Prison is for defendants that have been convicted of a crime after a trial and are now serving their sentence.[11] After taking the defendant to jail, the police may decide to release the defendant with a notice-to-appear in court for their arraignment. The police cannot release the defendant on bail before the arraignment because the judge is required to set the bail amount.
Arraignment
After arresting the defendant, the police are required by law to bring the defendant to court within 48 hours (excluding court holidays) for the arraignment hearing.[12] The arraignment is a very short court hearing. At the arraignment, the judge will:
- Read what charges the District attorney has filed in court against the defendant (e.g. "You have been charged with violation of Section 243 of the Penal Code, Battery.")[13] If the DA decides not to file charges against the defendant, then the defendant is set free. The judge may ask the defendant if they waive their right to hear the charges. If the defendant agrees to waive their right to hear the charges, the judge won't read what the defendant has been charged with.
- Set the amount of money required for bail.[14] By paying the bail bond, the defendant is released from jail, and the court will eventually provide the bail money back to the defendant as long as they continue coming to court. Bail is required to ensure the defendant will come back to court if they are released. When there is either a public safety risk (e.g. accusations of violent crime) or a risk that the defendant won't show up to court (e.g. the defendant has a history of not showing up to court), the judge will deny bail and require the defendant to stay in custody. Bail is initially set according to the bail schedule but can be adjusted depending on individual circumstances, such as income. It is also possible that the judge will allow the defendant to leave jail without any bail (i.e. "released on recognizance") if the judge has strong confidence the defendant will show up to court and has no threat to the local community. The judge will also consider if the defendant has any local ties to the community. For this reason, it may be helpful if the defendant's family and/or friends attend the arraignment so the judge may take their presence into consideration.
- Inform the defendant of their rights, including their right to a Criminal defense lawyer. If the defendant cannot afford to hire a defense attorney, the judge will refer the defendant to the public defender.[15] The public defenders are criminal defense lawyers who are paid by the state of California.
- Ask if the defendant would like to plead guilty, not guilty, or no contest.[16] The defendant can ask to enter a plea later so that they don't have to decide right away. The district attorney will frequently offer a plea bargain.
Preliminary examination
If the defendant was charged with a felony, they have a right to a preliminary examination.[17] If the defendant was charged only with a misdemeanor, they have no right to a preliminary examination but may make a motion (i.e. a request) for one. At the preliminary examination, the defendant and the criminal defense attorney can challenge the legality of the arrest. For example, they can claim the police did not have probable cause to arrest the defendant. If successful, the defendant is set free.[18]
Pre-trial
Setting the Date for Trial
Defendants in California have the following statutory Speedy Trial rights.
- To have their trial begin within 60 days of their arraignment if charged with a felony[19]
- To have their trial begin within 30 days of their arraignment if charged with a misdemeanor and they are in custody of the police (i.e. in jail)[20]
- To have their trial begin with 45 days of their arraignment if charged with a misdemeanor and they are out of custody of the police (i.e. out of jail)[21]
These rights exists for several reasons. Most importantly, they exist to ensure defendants do not stay in jail for months and years waiting for a trial.
Defendants are frequently asked if they would like to waive their speedy trial rights.[22] To waive a right means to give it up. One reason why the defendant may want to waive their speedy trial rights is so that they can have time perform their own investigation by an independent third-party which may produce different results from the investigation done by the police. The results of the third-party investigation can then be presented at trial to the jury.
Discovery
Discovery is the process of exchanging documents between the District Attorney and the Defense Attorney that may contain evidence. In California, the District Attorney is required to turn over everything they plan to present at trial at least 30 days ahead of time,[23] as well as any evidence that might help the Defendant show that they are innocent (see Brady disclosure).[24] The Defense Attorney is not required to give incriminating evidence to the District Attorney, but must also turn over whatever they plan to present at trial at least 30 days ahead of time.[25]
New Public Defender
If the Defendant is having a problem with the Public Defender and would like a new one, they can tell the court they are making a "Marsden motion." The court will then have a special hearing, called a Marsden hearing, where the District Attorney is not allowed to be in the room. There, the Defendant can explain how the Public Defender is not being helpful and the judge can decide if the Defendant should be given a new attorney.
Self-Representation
A defendant may choose to act as their own attorney by making a Faretta motion. This should be done as early as possible because making such a motion close to the trial date gives cause for the judge to deny the motion.[26]
Trial
Jury Selection
Jury selection is a lengthy process in which the District Attorney and the Defense Attorney take turns asking questions to potential jurors.[27] Both sides can disqualify jurors that they think won't help them. The process ends when both sides find 12 jurors plus one standby juror that they both accept, or both sides run out of juror challenges. Each side can disqualify 10 potential jurors each without giving a reason to the judge. After 10 challenges, they have to show good cause (i.e. give a reason) to continue disqualifying potential jurors.[28]
Opening Statements
Since the Defendant is assumed innocent until proven guilty, the District Attorney has the burden of proving their case, so they make the first opening statement that summarizes the evidence they will present at trial. They summarize their point of view of what happened and why they believe the jury should find the defendant to be guilty of the crimes charged. The Defense Attorney can then make their opening statement, or choose to reserve their opening statement until the District Attorney rests their case.
Prosecution's Case
The prosecution calls all the witnesses one by one. Witnesses are not allowed to sit in the courtroom, and must wait outside until they are called to testify on the stand. Each time the District Attorney calls a witness for Direct examination, the Defense Attorney is allowed to ask questions as well of the same witness as part of Cross-examination.
After the District Attorney has called all their witnesses and presented all of their evidence, the District Attorney announces they rest their case. This means they are finished explaining why they think the defendant is guilty. The prosecution must prove their case beyond reasonable doubt. This means the evidence must be so convincing that there is no doubt left in the minds of the jury that the defendant is guilty and that the only way for them to doubt the evidence is to make "unreasonable" assumptions. (i.e. maybe aliens from Mars put the murder weapon in the defendant's car.) It is the highest standard of proof used in American law.
Defense's Case
The Defense Attorney then calls all of their witnesses. The Defense Attorney can call new witnesses as well as witnesses that the District Attorney called. After the Defense Attorney asks questions to the witness as part of Direct examination, the District Attorney can also ask them questions as part of Cross-examination. The Defense Attorney's strategy will be either to undermine the District Attorney's claims (i.e. say that the DA has failed to prove their case by poking holes in their theory and undermining the credibility of the witnesses and evidence) or to present an "affirmative defense" (i.e. actively prove the Defendant is innocent by introducing their own evidence, such as a video showing the Defendant was out of town when the crime happened.) The Defense Attorney could also do both.
Defendant's Testimony
The defendant has the absolute right to take the stand as a witness to testify (in self-defense) or not testify (avoid self-incrimination) at trial. The defendant's decision on this issue is of such importance that it cannot be overridden by a competing interest. (i.e. No matter what arguments are made by the DA or even the defense attorney, the defendant's choice to testify or not testify must be honored.)
Closing Statements
Each side then summarizes what happened during the trial and their final thoughts as to why the jury should vote guilty or not guilty.
Jury Deliberation
The jury is sent into a private room where they deliberate. All 12 jurors must vote guilty in order to convict the defendant.
Verdict
After the jury reaches a verdict, they return to the courtroom and the court clerk announces the verdict.
Sentencing
If the verdict is guilty, the judge gives the sentence for the crime. Criminal sentences can include any of the following, depending on the particular crime:
Probation
After deciding on a sentence, the court may also put the defendant on probation, especially if it is the defendant's first criminal conviction, the crime itself was not very serious, and the defendant's behavior indicates they have learned from the experience. When granted probation, the imposition of the sentence on the defendant is suspended and the defendant does not have to pay the fine or become imprisoned as long as they comply with the terms of their probation as set by the judge. Probation terms may include obligations to perform community service. If the terms of the probation are violated, the court can then impose the original sentence.
Appeal
In California, criminal defendants have the right to appeal both felony[29] and misdemeanor[30] convictions. If the defendant is convicted of a misdemeanor, they have the right to be released on bail pending the outcome of their appeal.
Misdemeanor appeals are heard by the Appellate Division of the California Superior Court. Felony appeals are heard by the California Court of Appeal. Appeals from judgements of death are heard by the California Supreme Court.
References
- ^ "2015 California Attorney General Report" (PDF).
- ^ "2015 California Attorney General Report" (PDF).
- ^ "2015 California Judicial Council Court Statistics Report" (PDF).
- ^ "California Department of Corrections Office of Research, Population Reports". Archived from the original on 2018-05-15. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
- ^ "Public Policy Institute of California".
- ^ These are the 746 inmates awaiting execution on California's death row, Los Angeles Times, Paige St. John & Maloy Moore, August 24, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
- ^ "California Penal Code section 836(a)(1)".
- ^ "California Penal Code sections 836(a)(2) and 836(a)(3)".
- ^ "California Penal Code section 842".
- ^ "Miranda v. Arizona".
- ^ "California Criminal Process". Legal Defence. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
- ^ "California Penal Code section 825(a)(1)".
- ^ "California Penal Code section 988".
- ^ "California Penal Code, Title 10, Chapter 1 - Bail".
- ^ "California Penal Code section 858".
- ^ "California Penal Code sections 1016".
- ^ "California Penal Code sections 859b".
- ^ "Preliminary Hearings in California Criminal Law". www.shouselaw.com. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
- ^ "California Penal Code section 1382(a)(2)".
- ^ "California Penal Code section 1382(a)(3)".
- ^ "California Penal Code section 1382(a)(3)".
- ^ "California Penal Code sections 1382(a)(2)(A) and 1382(a)(2)(B)".
- ^ "California Penal Code section 1054.7".
- ^ "California Penal Code section 1054.1(e)".
- ^ "California Penal Code section 1054.3".
- ^ "Faretta v. California".
- ^ "California Penal Code section 1046".
- ^ "California Code of Civil Procedure, Part 1, Title 3, Chapter 1 - Trial Jury Selection and Management Act".
- ^ "California Penal Code section 1237".
- ^ "California Penal Code section 1466".