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British Commonwealth Occupation Force

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British Commonwealth Occupation Force
Commander Yuzo Tanno hands over the keys of the Yokosuka Naval Base to Captain H. J. Buchanan, Royal Australian Navy on 30 August 1945.
Active21 February 1946 (1946-02-21) – 28 April 1952 (1952-04-28)
Countries
AllegianceBritish Commonwealth
RoleOccupation, demilitarisation and disposal of Japan's war industries
Operate staging posts for Korean War
Size40,000 personnel
HeadquartersKure, Hiroshima, Japan
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief, BCOFLieutenant General John Northcott (1946)
Lieutenant General Sir Horace Robertson (1946–51)
Lieutenant General William Bridgeford (1951–52)

The British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) was the British Commonwealth taskforce consisting of Australian, British, Indian and New Zealand military forces in occupied Japan, from 1946 until the end of occupation in 1952.

At its peak, the BCOF committed about 40,000 personnel, that comprised 25% of the occupation force, which was equal to about a third of the number of US military personnel in Japan.

History

Background

Following the dropping of atomic bombs and the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan, the Japanese Empire surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945, with their government accepting the Potsdam Declaration. The formal surrender was signed on 2 September in Tokyo Bay. Unlike in the occupation of Germany, the Soviet Union had little to no influence over the occupation of Japan, leaving the Americans, British and Commonwealth Forces responsible for occupation duties.

Whilst US forces were responsible for military government, the BCOF was responsible for supervising demilitarisation and the disposal of Japan's war industries.[1] The BCOF was also responsible for the occupation of the western prefectures of Shimane, Yamaguchi, Tottori, Okayama, Hiroshima and Shikoku Island. BCOF headquarters was at Kure, a naval port near Hiroshima.[2] At the height of its involvement, the British Commonwealth Occupation Force was responsible for 20 million Japanese citizens in an area of around 57,000 km2.[3]

Occupation

The participation of BCOF in the Allied occupation of Japan was announced on 31 January 1946, however this announcement was already in planning stages since the end of the war. On 21 February 1946, the initial contingent arrived at the former Imperial Japanese Navy base at Kure, near the devastated city of Hiroshima, which became the main base for Australian and British warships. A Royal Navy shore party took control of the port and facilities and these were commissioned as HMS Commonwealth on 3 June 1946.[4] For most of the occupation period, Australia contributed the majority of the BCOF's personnel. The initial BCOF presence included the Australian 34th Brigade; the 9th Brigade, 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (J Force); and the British Indian Division (BRINDIV) (later known as BRINJAP), a composite British and Indian division made up of the British 5th Infantry Brigade Group (from 2nd Infantry Division in India), and the 268th Indian Infantry Brigade. BCOF was supported by the Women's Auxiliary Service (Burma) (which derived its name from its formation during the Second World War, to provide amenities to Commonwealth forces in the Burmese campaign).

By 1948, BCOF was solely staffed by Australian military personnel, with all British, Indian and New Zealand troops withdrawn from the occupation.[5]

The British Pacific Fleet initially provided most of the naval forces, with it consisting of primarily British ships alongside contingents of Commonwealth and US ships. The air component, known as the British Commonwealth Air Forces (BCAIR), initially comprised the Royal Australian Air Force's No. 81 Fighter Wing, four Spitfire squadrons (including No. 11 and No. 17 of the Royal Air Force and No. 4 of the Indian Air Force), and No. 14 Squadron of the Royal New Zealand Air Force.

During 1947, the BCOF began to wind down its presence in Japan. However, BCOF bases provided staging posts for Commonwealth forces deployed to the Korean War, from 1950 onwards. The BCOF was effectively wound-up in 1951, as control of Commonwealth forces in Japan was transferred to British Commonwealth Forces Korea.

Organisation

The major units that composed the force were:

Commanders

The position of Commander-if-Chief, BCOF was always filled by an Australian, and included:

The largest formation in BCOF, BRINDIV, was commanded by Major General David Cowan, from 1945 to 1947.

  • General Robert L. Eichelberger inspects Australian Guard of Honour at Kure.
    General Robert L. Eichelberger inspects Australian Guard of Honour at Kure.
  • Major General David Cowan, General Officer Commanding BRINDIV, inspects Indian troops at Kure, 30 March 1946.
    Major General David Cowan, General Officer Commanding BRINDIV, inspects Indian troops at Kure, 30 March 1946.
  • 2nd Battalion, 5th Gurkha Rifles marches through Kure, May 1946.
    2nd Battalion, 5th Gurkha Rifles marches through Kure, May 1946.
  • New Zealand Divisional Cavalry soldiers inspecting a model of a Japanese battleship on Etajima
    New Zealand Divisional Cavalry soldiers inspecting a model of a Japanese battleship on Etajima

References

  1. ^ "British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1945–52". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  2. ^ "The British Commonwealth Occupation Force · The Entwistle Collection". Omeka – Western Sydney University. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  3. ^ "British Commonwealth Occupation Force". RSL NSW. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  4. ^ Wood, James. "The Australian Military Contribution to the Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952" (PDF). Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  5. ^ Matos, Christine de (6 July 2005). "The Allied Occupation of Japan – an Australian View". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  6. ^ "Brinjap Division" (PDF). British Military History. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  7. ^ "Badge, Formation, BRINDIV & British Indian Division & British Commonwealth Occupation Force (Japan) & BCOF". Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  8. ^ "Badge, formation, British, 2nd Infantry Division". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  9. ^ "Badge, formation, 25th Independent Infantry Brigade". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  10. ^ Gillespie, Oliver A. The Pacific. War History Branch, Department Of Internal Affairs. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

Further reading

  • Singh, Rajendra (1958). Post-War Occupation Forces: Japan and South-East Asia. Delhi: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan) India, Orient Longmans [distributor]. OCLC 518916.
  • George Davies, The Occupation of Japan: The Rhetoric and the Reality of Anglo-Australasian relations 1939 – 1952, 2001
  • John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, 2000
  • Melissa Miles & Robin Gerster, Pacific Exposures: Photograph and the Australia-Japan Relationship, 2018
  • Peter Bates, Japan and the British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1946 – 1952, 1993
  • Robin Gerster, Travels in Atomic Sunshine: Australia and the Occupation of Japan, 2008
  • Takemae Eiji, The Allied Occupation of Japan, 2002
  • Spencer, Tom (July–August 2001). "Land of the Rising Sun: British Commonwealth Air Occupation Force, Japan 1945–1948". Air Enthusiast. No. 94. pp. 62–66. ISSN 0143-5450.
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