Al-Mahdi Abdallah
Al-Mahdi Abdallah (1793 – 28 November 1835) was an Imam of Yemen who ruled from 1816 to 1835. He belonged to the Qasimid family, who were descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. From 1597 to 1962, the Qasimids dominated the Zaidi imamate of Yemen.
Early life
[edit]Abdallah bin Ahmad was one of the twenty sons of Imam Al-Mutawakkil Ahmad. After his father's death in 1816, he successfully claimed the Imamate under the name of Al-Mahdi Abdallah. A British surgeon visited him in 1823 and described him as a tall, slender man of dark complexion. He was reputed to have an excitable nature and often changed his ministers. His government was portrayed as weak; as the imam had to pay large stipends to various tribes in order to prevent them from plundering the land. Local Sheikhs grew more assertive over time and demanded ever-higher subsidies.[1] This became apparent when a crisis broke out in 1818 after al-Mahdi mistreated emissaries from the Bakil tribe. As a consequence, the northern tribes entered San'a and plundered for 22 days. Only when Al-Mahdi promised to pay 120,000 Riyals did they withdraw.[2]
Return of the Tihamah
[edit]The politico-religious Wahhabi movement had intervened in Yemen since 1803, and the area controlled by the imam had shrunk critically. Parts of the lowlands, Tihamah, stood under the chief of Abu Arish, Sharif Hamud, who took an independent position and sometimes supported the Wahhabi ruler. When Hamud died in 1818, he was succeeded by his son Ahmad. Ahmad allied with the Saudi family, leaders of the Wahhabi movement in order to fight Ottoman troops in Najd. However, the Ottoman forces were victorious and proceeded to invade Abu Arish. Ahmad was captured, and all his possessions in Yemen were returned to al-Mahdi Abdallah. In spite of mutual distrust, an agreement between the imam and the Ottomans was reached, whereby the imam sent coffee to the sultan's court. After 15 years, Tihamah was therefore once again in the hands of the Zaidi State.[3]
British attack
[edit]The British of Bombay traded in the important Yemeni seaport of Mocha. In 1817, a British lieutenant was mistreated by the local population, and the British Indian authorities demanded action be taken. The imam's governor in Mocha declined the demand, and military action followed in 1820. After an initial setback, the British troops breached the walls of Mocha and forced an agreement. The following year, al-Mahdi Abdallah sent a firman to the British trading office in Mocha where he agreed to reduce import duties.[4] During the 1820s the British grew increasingly skeptical about their prospects in Mocha. They started to look for an alternative port and found Aden to be an attractive alternative. Aden at this time was under the Sultanate of Lahej, outside of al-Mahdi Abdallah's territory.[5] This eventually led to the British capture of Aden in 1839.
Türkçe Bilmez and Egyptian intervention
[edit]The authority of Al-Mahdi Abdallah in parts of Yemen was eroded by the appearance of a Georgian adventurer, Muhammad Agha, nicknamed Türkçe Bilmez (literally, "he does not know Turkish").[6] He was a soldier serving under the Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali Pasha in Hijaz, where he mutinied and gathered discontented Ottoman units. The mutineers marched into the Tihamah in 1832, capturing Mocha and Hudaydah, and the land in between. He concluded an alliance with a chief of Asir, Ali bin Mukhtar, whereby they were to support each other and share the revenues of the occupied territory. Al-Mahdi Abdallah had few resources to counter the intruders.
With a British endorsement, Muhammad Ali sent an Egyptian force to Yemen in 1833 to deal with the chaotic situation, which was highly detrimental to trade. The Asiris fell out with Bilmez and besieged his forces in Mocha, which was blocked from the sea by the Egyptian fleet. Finally, the city fell and was plundered by the Asiri tribesmen, while Bilmez was saved on a British ship.[7][8] After these events, fighting broke out between the Egyptians and the Asiris on Yemeni soil. The conflict continued for years, until in 1837 Egyptian reinforcements secured the coastal cities and some of the interior. Al-Mahdi Abdallah, unable to contain the turmoil, considered giving up his country, or what remained of it, to Muhammad Ali, but this was plainly rejected by his subjects.[9] When he died in 1835, the Zaidi state was only a shadow of its former condition. Al-Mahdi Abdallah was succeeded by his son al-Mansur Ali II.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ R.L. Playfair, A History of Arabia Felix or Yemen. Bombay 1859, p. 140.
- ^ Yehuda Nini, The Jews of the Yemen 1800-1914. Harwood 1991, p. 10.
- ^ Caesar E. Farah, The Sultan's Yemen; 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. London 2002, pp. 15–16.
- ^ R.L. Playfair, pp. 134–39.
- ^ Caesar E. Farah, p. 16.
- ^ Winder (2015), p. 72.
- ^ R.L. Playfair, pp. 141–44.
- ^ Winder (2015), p. 73.
- ^ Caesar E. Farah, pp. 17-21.
Bibliography
[edit]- R.B. Serjeant & R. Lewcock, San'a'; An Araban Islamic City. London 1983.
- Robert W. Stookey, Yemen; The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Boulder 1978.
- Winder, R. Baily (2015) [1965]. Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. ISBN 9781349817238.