Marsala Punic shipwreck
 View of the remains of the Marsala Punic Ship at the Regional Archaeological Museum Baglio Anselmi | |
  Location of the Regional Archaeological Museum Baglio Anselmi | |
| Location | Punta Scario |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 37°48′04″N 12°25′36″E / 37.80115°N 12.426615°E |
| Type | Site of a sunken ship |
| History | |
| Builder | Punic people |
| Founded | 3rd century BC |
| Abandoned | Believed to have sunk in the mid 3rd century BC |
| Periods | Classical antiquity |
| Cultures | Punic |
| Satellite of | Carthage |
| Associated with | Crew of military and merchant vessels |
| Site notes | |
| Discovered | 1971 |
| Excavation dates | 1971–1974 |
| Archaeologists | Honor Frost |
| Condition | Conserved |
| Ownership | Italy |
The Marsala Punic shipwreck is a third-century-BC shipwreck of two Punic ships. The wreck was discovered in 1969, off the shore of Isola Lunga, not far from Marsala on the western coast of Sicily. It was excavated from 1971 onwards. The excavation, led by Honor Frost and her team, lasted four years and revealed a substantial portion of the hull structure.
The first, more significant wreck, turned out to be an ancient military galley that was named the Marsala Punic Ship. The second ship, dubbed Sister Ship, was identified as a merchant vessel. Inscriptions in Punic script have made it possible to attribute the remains unquestionably to the Punics. Upon its discovery, the Marsala shipwreck was the sole surviving wreck from its era. The Marsala Punic Ship is believed to have played a role in the momentous Battle of the Aegates in 241 BC. The ship's state of preservation, unique features, and artifacts offered a glimpse into the advanced production techniques, and daily life aboard ancient warships. Study of the wreck has advanced current knowledge of the Carthaginian navy at the time of the First Punic War, and validated some information provided by ancient sources.
Discovery and location
In 1969, Diego Boninni, the captain of a commercial dredge operating off the shore of Isola Lunga, not far from Marsala on the western coast of Sicily, discovered underwater formations covered with Posidonia seagrass.[1][2] Boninni showed some of his discoveries to Eduardo Lipari, a local whose family was connected to archeological excavations in the area. That same year, Boninni and Lipari took diver-archaeologist Gerhard Kapitän and British pioneer underwater archaeologist Honor Frost to the site of the underwater heaps. Frost and Kapitän returned to the area to further investigate what they had identified as ship ballast piles, evidence of ancient marine wrecks.[1]
One of the wrecks surveyed in 1970 yielded a spearhead discovered within the ballast pile, along with a warship-type anchor found in close proximity. Other iron objects were also found, including what was interpreted to be a corvus, a military boarding device that played a notable role during the First Punic War. Based on the collective discoveries, Frost inferred that the site potentially represents the wreck of a warship. Likewise, the presence of other ballast piles in the vicinity suggested that the sinkings in the area were likely the result of acts of war. Frost returned in 1971 to the "Anchor and Spearhead Wreck" but her team's soundings did not find any wooden ship remains.[3] In 1971, expedition photographer David Singmaster signalled an off-course find to Frost at a depth of 2.5 m (8.2 ft). He had found two new piles of ballast stones, with a large stern timber emerging from the sand in between. More wooden remains of the ancient vessel were found, some of which were inscribed with Punic letters. The Punic letters were used as numerals, were painted at intervals along the keel to the positions of the ribs.[4][5] The vessel was dubbed the Marsala Punic Ship.[5] The Sicilian authorities and the British School at Rome mandated archaeologist Honor Frost to direct the excavations which was carried out over the course of four successive annual campaigns. Annual reports were published in the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. The final report was published by the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in 1981.[6] The excavation was carried out off the shore of Isola Lunga, north of the Marsala, a town known in the ancient era as Lilybaeum and founded by the Carthaginians after the destruction of Motya in 397 B.C.[6][7][8] In 1974, the stern and very few other remains of another ship were discovered 70 m (230 ft) south of the Marsala Punic Ship. The second vessel was named Sister Ship.[8]
Description
The reconstructed Marsala Punic Ship retains the ship's original dimensions and materials. The ship was constructed from pine and aceraceous wood, materials that did not respond well to chemical preservation treatments. The Marsala Punic Ship boasted a straight keel measuring 30 m (98 ft), making the overall length nearly 35 m (115 ft), with a width of 4.8 m (16 ft), including the side gangways.[9][10] Estimated at around 120 metric tons.[7] The excavation findings and the shape of the vessel indicated that the remains were not from a merchant ship. Merchant ships typically have features designed for storing goods or drinking water, whereas the crockery discovered at the site was meant for individual use.[7] The ship was found to contain various types of butchered meats, such as deer, horse, beef, mutton, goat, and pork.[11] Additionally, fragments of marijuana stalks were found, presumably for the oarsmen to chew on.[12] The archaeologists made a number of other discoveries, including fragments of a basket, a rope, and human bones, suggesting that a person had been trapped. The presence of ballast confirmed the military nature of the Marsala Punic Ship.[13]
The ship's hydrodynamic features demonstrate the maritime expertise inherited from the Phoenicians, renowned innovators in shipbuilding who influenced both the Greeks and Romans. Additionally, it is believed that despite its trireme dimensions, the Marsala Ship was a quadrireme modeled after the fast and agile Rhodian galleys. In 264 BC, the Romans seized a Phoenician quinqueremes that ran aground. Polybius reports that the ship served as a model for the Romans' fleet ships; they realized the additional advantage of using Phoenician joints in shipbuilding, as the lumber used in edge-joined ship strakes does not have to be dried.[14] Early in the First Punic War in 260 BC, the Phoenician ship building technology allowed the Romans to build a fleet of 100 quinqueremes within a period of two months.[14]
Sister Ship
From the first ship, archaeologists discovered the remains of 12 m (39 ft) of keel on the stern and port side. On the bow of the second ship, they discovered the remains of a wooden spur and elements of Punic calligraphy.[15] The naval ram of the Sister Ship was discovered and reconstructed: unlike the trident-shaped rams depicted on Carthaginian coins, it is in the shape of a 3-metre-long upward curving beak, made of metal-coated wood. A thick, resinous coating covered the wood of the remains of the ram, along with nails and fragments of a copper plate.[16][17] Barely emerging from the water, it was connected to the bow by a novel fastener designed to break on impact during ramming. This mechanism would enable the attacking vessel to easily disengage from its adversary's battered side and stay afloat.[18][17]
Research
Based on carbon-14 dating of wood fragments, the ships were estimated to be from around 235 ±65 BC.[19] According to Frost, the paleography of the Punic inscriptions found on the timbers of the wrecks indicate the ships were built between 300 and 260 BC.[20] These inscriptions made it possible for Frost to attribute the remains unquestionably to the Carthaginians.[21] The Marsala ships may have played a role in the momentous Battle of the Aegates in 241 BC, as there is no other recorded battle that could explain the presence of shipwrecks along the shore at Isola Lunga.[20] This battle saw the Roman fleet pitted against the Carthaginian fleet, resulting in a resounding victory for Rome and marking a decisive moment in the First Punic War.[22] There is disagreement among specialists regarding the role of the recovered ships. Honor Frost views the ships as having been combat vessels.[1][2] On the other hand, Franco-Tunisian historian and archaeologist Hédi Dridi, following Piero Bartoloni's perspective, believes that the recovered ships served as scout vessels, responsible for surveillance or acting as a link between larger ships engaged in direct combat. This interpretation is particularly influenced by the absence of bronze rostrums on the ships.[23][2]
Resurfacing and conservation
While the Marsala Punic Ship was raised and displayed at the Regional Archaeological Museum Baglio Anserlmi in Marsala, the Sister Ship was reburied on the seafloor.[24] The remains of the Marsala Punic Ship were used to reconstruct a metal framework of the best-preserved section of the hull in 1979. However, due to inadequate protection, the ship suffered from corrosion, and the ravages of the elements while housed in a simple 19th-century wine shed. In 1980, a temporary measure was taken by covering the ship with a plastic tarp. Concerns over the deteriorating supports and wooden elements led the archaeological community to demand better preservation conditions. With the assistance of Danish experts, including Professor Ole Crumlin Pedersen and the Regional Conservation Center in Palermo, another reconstruction was carried out. Pedersen, having experience in reconstructing Viking ships found in Skuldelev, Denmark, collaborated on the project.[25][26] In 2019, a 3D documentation project of the Marsala Punic Ship successfully created high-resolution digital records of the Marsala Punic Ship, its associated timbers, and the original molds from the excavation. The laser scans and photogrammetry data provided valuable insights into the ship's current condition and stress points.[24]
Significance
The shapes of the remains of the ships complement each other, in particular with a ram, and provide a unique document of the Carthaginian navy during the First Punic War.[27][15] The information supplied by the excavation and the study of the Marsala Punic shipwreck corroborated naval depictions in Punic numismatics and Carthage tophet steles.[28] Painted markings and traces of two alphabetic sequences discovered on the ships' hulls, along with its Phoenician origin, indicate a standardized prefabricated components production process, explaining the rapid deployment of Carthaginian military fleets.[10] Each plank of the keel was marked with an alphabetic sign intended for assembly;[29] Punic words have also been identified.[10] The inscriptions were found on the inner side of the keel and the hull. Each sign indicated the position of each piece.[30] The ship's components were assembled by carpenters after being prepared by joiners.[10] This archaeological discovery corroborates ancient historians' observations regarding the remarkable speed of construction of these Punic ships, which was previously considered unlikely.[27] Appian reported that during the Third Punic War around 147 B.C., despite the Roman siege of Carthage, the Carthaginians built several dozen triremes and quinqueremes. Since the discovery in Marsala, modern historians have been provided with further evidence supporting the assertion regarding the remarkable speed of construction of these Punic ships. This construction system validated Polybius' account of the Romans capturing a Punic ship and using it as a model to build their own fleet in record time.[14]
See also
- Gozo Phoenician shipwreck – Phoenician shipwreck near the coast of Malta
- Uluburun shipwreck – 14th-century BCE Mediterranean shipwreck
- Motya – Island and ancient city
References
Citations
- ^ a b c Frost 1981, p. 16.
- ^ a b c Leveque 2019.
- ^ Frost 1981, pp. 16–18.
- ^ Goldsworthy 2007, p. 104.
- ^ a b Frost 1981, pp. 19, 271.
- ^ a b Frost 1981.
- ^ a b c Frost 1981, p. 271.
- ^ a b Lipiński 1992, p. 262.
- ^ Frost 1981, p. 248–271.
- ^ a b c d Le Bohec 2011, p. 54.
- ^ Frost 1981, pp. 53–58.
- ^ Frost 1981, p. 62.
- ^ Frost 1981, pp. 7–8.
- ^ a b c Sleeswyk 1980, p. 244.
- ^ a b Lipiński 1992, p. 153.
- ^ Frost 1981, pp. 267–270.
- ^ a b Goldsworthy 2007, p. 101.
- ^ Lancel 2014, p. 63.
- ^ Frost 1981, pp. 273, 279–280.
- ^ a b Frost 1981, p. 275.
- ^ Frost 1981, p. 19.
- ^ Goldsworthy 2007, pp. 122, 125–126.
- ^ Dridi 2006, p. 129.
- ^ a b Polakowski & Tanner 2019.
- ^ Crumlin-Pedersen 1986, p. 209.
- ^ Basch 1997, pp. 79–81.
- ^ a b Frost 1978.
- ^ Beschaouch 1993, p. 68.
- ^ Dridi 2006, pp. 129–130.
- ^ Amadasi Guzzo 2007, p. 95.
Sources
- Amadasi Guzzo, Maria Giulia (2007). Carthage (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-053962-9. OCLC 80145903.
- Basch, Lucien (1997). "Note: The Punic Ship: an obituary". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 26 (1): 79–81. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1997.tb01318.x.
- Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole (1986). ""Aspects of Viking-Age shipbuilding: In the light of the construction and trials of the Skuldelev ship-replicas Saga Siglar and Roar Ege."". Journal of Danish Archaeology. 5 (1): 209–228. doi:10.1080/0108464X.1986.10589968. ISSN 0108-464X.
- Beschaouch, Azedine (1993). La légende de Carthage [The legend of Carthage] (in French). Paris: Gallimard. ISBN 978-2-07-053212-4. OCLC 969831345.
- Le Bohec, Yann (2011). Histoire Militaire des Guerres Puniques Ned [Military history of the Punic wars] (in French). Monaco: Editions du Rocher. ISBN 978-2-268-00404-4. OCLC 1390083590.
- Dridi, Hédi (2006). Carthage et le monde punique [Carthage and the Punic world] (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-41033-3. OCLC 934241897.
- Frost, Honor (1978). "Seul bateau de guerre connu de l'antiquité méditerranéenne: le navire punique de Marsala" [The only known warship of Mediterranean antiquity: the Punic ship of Marsala]. Dossiers de l'Archéologie (in French) (29). Dijon: 53–61.
- Frost, Honor (1981). "Lilybaeum (Marsala) -The Punic Ship: Final Excavation Report". Notizie degli scavi di antichità. 8. XXX. Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. OCLC 174416026. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
- Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2007). The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars, 265-146 BC. London: Phoenix. ISBN 9780304366422. OCLC 633188841.
- Lancel, Serge (2014). Carthage (in French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-64012-9.
- Leveque, Francis (8 February 2019). "Les navires de guerre puniques de Marsala" [The Punic warships from Marsala]. Marine Antique (in French). Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- Lipiński, Edward (1992). Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique (in French). Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-50033-1. OCLC 28082115.
- Polakowski, Mateusz; Tanner, Pat (24 May 2019). "3D Documentation of the Marsala Punic Ship: Digital Conservation and Archiving - 2020". Honor Frost Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
- Sleeswyk, A. W. (1980). "Phoenician joints, coagmenta punicana". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 9 (3): 243–244. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1980.tb01303.x. ISSN 1057-2414. OCLC 4645771469. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023.