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Madapalli

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Madapalli (Tamil: மடைப்பள்ளி, romanized: Maṭaippaḷḷi) is a caste found mainly in the northern part of Sri Lanka.[1] Found today as a subcaste of the Sri Lankan Vellalar, the Madapallis were considered an independent caste until recently.[2]

Originally serving as cooks for the Jaffna kings, they were also appointed as palace steward of the Jaffna Kingdom.[3][4] They were reputed as a powerful caste in the colonial era, who held the positions of Mudaliyars and Kanakkapillais.[2]

Etymology

The etymology of Madapalli is disputed. The word Madapalli can in the Tamil language mean "kitchen" or "cook house", specifically used in a temple, derived from the Tamil words maṭai meaning "cooking" and paḷḷi meaning "place of worship".[5] Mudaliyar Rajanayagam gives the meaning of Madapalli as signifying "Royal kitchen".[6]

Others derive the word from a place called "Madapalli" located in the Kalinga region, where some claim origin from. Another theory suggest the word being derived from Madappan meaning "500 villages", as they claim themselves as rulers of 500 villages in the Kalinga region.[7]

History

As the etymology suggest, the Madapallis were the former cooks of the Jaffna Kingdom.[3] The Yalpana Vaipava Malai credits the last king, Cankili II, with creating the class of Madapalli.[8] Cankili appointed higher-classes of Vellalars as cooks and officials of the royal kitchen personnel.[9] Some of them were descendant of concubines of the last Aryacakravarti nobles.[10] Those working for the royals were known as Raja Madapalli, those working for the ministers were known as Sarva Madapalli, and those who blew the conch in the temples were known as Sanku Madapalli.[11] The Sanku Madapallis constituted of the Akampadiyar, Paradesikal, Sangamar and the Panar communities.[9]

After the fall of Jaffna Kingdom, sections of the Madapallis were converted to Christianity and drew closer to power under the Portuguese colonizers in the 16th century.[2] After the Portuguese were defeated by the Dutch colonizers, the Christian Madapallis along with the Karaiyars revolted against the Dutch rule in the Jaffna region in 1658.[12] The Dutch started favoring the Vellalars, whose power started to grow rapidly under their reign. To counterbalance the growing power of the Vellalars, the Madapallis were removed from earlier suspicion and were equally appointed to the administrative office by the Dutch in the 1690s.[13] Larger numbers of the Ceylonese Mudaliyars were drawn from the Madapallis who were constantly in rivalry with the Vellalars for political power.[14][15][16] The Dutch minister of 17th century, Philippus Baldaeus, described the Christian Madapallis along with the Christian Karaiyars and Vellalars as the most influential classes of the Christians.[17] The Madapallis took up agriculture as occupation and merged and formed a subcaste of the Vellalars.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ Chitty, Simon Casie (1834). The Ceylon Gazetteer: Containing an Accurate Account of the Districts, Provinces, Cities, Towns ... &c. of the Island of Ceylon. Cotta Church Mission Press. p. 55.
  2. ^ a b c d Arasaratnam, Sinnappah (1 January 1996). Ceylon and the Dutch, 1600-1800: External Influences and Internal Change in Early Modern Sri Lanka. n Variorum. pp. 381, 383, 384. ISBN 9780860785798.
  3. ^ a b Ramasamy, Rajakrishnan (1988). Sojourners to citizens: Sri Lankan Tamils in Malaysia, 1885-1965. R. Rajakrishnan. ISBN 9789839953503.
  4. ^ Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam (2000). Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Hurst. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9781850655190.
  5. ^ "மடைப்பள்ளி | அகராதி | Tamil Dictionary". agarathi.com. University of Madras Lexicon. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  6. ^ Tambiah, Henry Wijayakone (1954). The laws and customs of the Tamils of Ceylon. Tamil Cultural Society of Ceylon. p. 57.
  7. ^ Sivaratnam, C. (1968). The Tamils in Early Ceylon. Author. p. 157.
  8. ^ Pillay, Kolappa Pillay Kanakasabhapathi (1963). South India and Ceylon. University of Madras. p. 128.
  9. ^ a b Professor Gunarasa, K. (2003). Dynasty of Jaffna Kings: Vijayakalingan to Narasinghan. Dynasty of Jaffna King's Historical Society. p. 50.
  10. ^ Maniegar, Simon Casie Chitty (1865). "An Outline of the Classification of the Tamul Castes". Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London. 3: 95. doi:10.2307/3014159. JSTOR 3014159.
  11. ^ Sivaratnam, C. (1964). An outline of the cultural history and principles of Hinduism. Stangard Printers. p. 270.
  12. ^ Veen, Ernst van; Blussé, Leonard (2005). Rivalry and Conflict: European Traders and Asian Trading Networks in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Amsterdam University Press. p. 116. ISBN 9789057891045.
  13. ^ Arasaratnam, S. (1 July 1981). "Social History of a Dominant Caste Society: The Vellalar of North Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the 18th Century". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 18 (3–4): 377–391. doi:10.1177/001946468101800306. ISSN 0019-4646. S2CID 143603755.
  14. ^ Manogaran, Chelvadurai; Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1994). The Sri Lankan Tamils: ethnicity and identity. Westview Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780813388458.
  15. ^ Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar (2007). Von Jaffna nach Kilinocchi: Wandel des politischen Bewusstseins der Tamilen in Sri Lanka (in German). Ergon. p. 121. ISBN 9783899135442.
  16. ^ Hooreman, Librecht (2009). Memoir of Librecht Hooreman, Commandeur of Jaffna, 1748: For His Successor Jacob De Jong, 13th June, 1748. Department of National Archives, under the Sri Lanka-Netherlands Cultural Co-operation Programme. p. 27. ISBN 9789559016182.
  17. ^ Seeland, Klaus (1993). "Volume 24". International Quarterly for Asian Studies. Weltform Verlag.: 266.
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