Stigmella hakekeae
| Stigmella hakekeae | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nepticulidae |
| Genus: | Stigmella |
| Species: | S. hakekeae
|
| Binomial name | |
| Stigmella hakekeae Donner & Wilkinson, 1989[1]
| |
Stigmella hakekeae is a moth of the family Nepticulidae.[2] It is endemic to New Zealand and is found in the North, South and Stewart Islands. The larvae feed on Olearia species and are leaf miners. This species pupates in a silk cocoon on the ground underneath its host plant. Adults are on the wing most months of year except for March and April. They have been observed flying during the day near their host plant. There are four or five generations per year. This species is regarded as being widely distributed and locally abundant.
Taxonomy
This species was first described in 1989 by Hans Donner and Christopher Wilkinson from specimens collected in the Taupō, Canterbury, Otago and Southland regions as well as at Stewart Island. The male holotype specimen, collected in Dunedin in November 1920, is held at Te Papa.[3]
Description
The larvae are 3 to 4 mm long and greenish white.[3] The mine of these larvae differs from that of S. fulva in the lack of purple discolouration of the leaf in the region of the egg.[3]
Donner and Wilkinson described the male and the female of this species as follows:
Head. Frontal tuft rusty white; scape white; collar cream, sometimes with brown scales; antenna grey, comprising 32 segments. Thorax grey. Forewing about 3 mm long, speckled brown-grey, with 2 obscure white postmedial areas, one at dorsum, one at costa; fringe grey. Hindwing and fringe pale grey. Abdomen grey.[3]
Distribution
This species is endemic to New Zealand.[4][1] It is found in the North, South and Stewart Islands.[3]
Life cycle
Larvae
The larvae feed on Olearia species, such as Olearia arborescens, Olearia ilicifolia, Olearia macrodonta, Olearia nummulariifolia and Olearia paniculata.[5] They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has a gallery that is full of twists and turns and is located under the upper epidermal layer of the leaf, following the rib to the leaf margin, which it then follows. Frass is deposited against the roof of the mine. A single leaf of O. arborescens may contain many mines, but on O. macrodonta it is rare to have more than three. Larva have been recorded from May to August and in October.[3]
Pupae
The cocoon is made of brown silk and can be found on the ground under the host plant.[3]
Adults
Adults have been recorded in every month except March and April. There are four or five generations per year.[3]
Behaviour
This moth can be seen flying during the day near its host plants.[6] This species has been reared on Olearia paniculata sourced from the Marlborough Sounds and on Olearia arborescens, Olearia ilicifolia, Olearia avicenniifolia and Olearia nummulariifolia sourced from other locations including Tiwai Point and Longwood Range.[6] This species is regarded as widely distributed and locally abundant.[6]
References
- ^ a b "Stigmella hakekeae Donner & Wilkinson, 1989". biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
- ^ Erik J van Nieukerken; Camiel Doorenweerd; Robert J B Hoare; Donald R Davis (31 October 2016). "Revised classification and catalogue of global Nepticulidae and Opostegidae (Lepidoptera, Nepticuloidea)". ZooKeys. 628 (628): 65–246. doi:10.3897/ZOOKEYS.628.9799. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 5126388. PMID 27917038. Wikidata Q28109648.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h Hans Donner; Christopher Wilkinson (28 April 1989). "Nepticulidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera)" (PDF). Fauna of New Zealand. 16. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research: 22–23. doi:10.7931/J2/FNZ.16. ISSN 0111-5383. OCLC 924829916. Wikidata Q45079930. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2021.
- ^ Gordon, Dennis P., ed. (2010). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: Kingdom animalia: chaetognatha, ecdysozoa, ichnofossils. Vol. 2. p. 461. ISBN 978-1-877257-93-3. OCLC 973607714. OL 25288394M. Wikidata Q45922947.
- ^ "PlantSynz - Invertebrate herbivore biodiversity assessment tool: Database". plant-synz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 2018-07-12.
- ^ a b c Patrick, Brian (June 2022). "Stigmella hakekeae". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2023-10-05.