Askia Daoud
| Askiya Dawud | |
|---|---|
| Emperor of the Songhai Empire | |
| Reign | 1549 – 1582 [1] |
| Predecessor | Askiya Ishaq I (ruled 1539–1549) |
| Successor | Askiya [Muhammad] Al-Hajj (ruled 1582–1586) |
| Died | 1582 or 1583 (died a natural death) Tondibi[2] |
| Issue | 333[3] or "at least 61"[4] |
| Dynasty | Askiya dynasty |
| Father | Askia Mohammad (Ruled 1493-1528) |
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Askia Daoud (also Askia Dāwūd, Askiya Dawud) was the ruler of the Songhai Empire from 1549 to 1582. Daoud came to power unopposed following the death of his brother Askia Ishaq I in 1549. The Empire continued to expand under Daoud's peaceful rule, and saw little internal strife, until the invasion and interference of the Moroccan forces,[5] which led to the empire's downfall in 1591.
Early life and influences
Once located in West Africa, the flourishing Songhai Empire was stretched across the regions of Gao, Senegal, Gambia, Nigeria, Timbuktu and Djenne.[6] Under his father Askia Muhmmad's rule, the Songhai Empire experienced a thriving economy with Askia Muhmmad's idea of developing an Islamized society, through development of trade with neighboring regions and prioritizing education and literacy.[7] By institutionalizing Islamic teachings and practices into the schools and economy, the Songhai Empire's Muslim population sought an exponential increase and prosperity flowed on all members of society. Muslim men became traders in gold and other valuables,[8] various schools were built around the Islamic faith which increased literacy, and a centralized bureaucracy encouraged stability and strengthen the Empire.[6] This period was known as "the Golden Age".[9] Gaining from his fathers creation, Askia Daoud experienced great prosperity even during his rule over the empire, however, slowly afterwards the death of his father there was a gradual decline in sovereignty and the power of the empire.[7]
Stability
Stability, security and religion were some of the main focuses in the Askia family rulership. He, his brother, and his father had all organized a series of military campaigns against tributary territories of their large empire. The Songhai forces were known for their successes. Showing the importance of stability within the empire, both Askia Daoud and his brother, Askiya Al-Hajj Muhammad I, married the daughters of the empires southern people, the Saharan nomads to show their loyalty and desire for unity. Along with regional stability, religious unity was also a main concern, by marrying off his daughters to both the commercial estates and religious estates, the Empire was secured with connecting ties all around.[10] By marrying off his daughters into thees religious estates, the Islamic faith was secured throughout following generations and so was the status of the future ones to come. However, after the death of Askia Muhammad, the peace was gradually starting to decrease in the empire during the reign of Askia Daoud when the Songhai Empire was attacked.[citation needed]
Songhai Empire's Decline
In 1556–1557 troops of Mulay Muhammad al-Shaykh, the sultan of Marrakesh, captured the salt mines of Taghaza but then withdrew.[11] Soon after his accession in 1578 Sultan Ahmad I al-Mansur of Morocco demanded the tax revenues from the salt mines. Askia Daoud responded by sending a large quantity of gold as a gift.[12]With the invasion of the Morocco ruler, Ahmad al-Mansūr, over the dispute of the Taghaza's salt mines, the Songhai Empire started to face its gradual decline.[5] The salt and gold mines were the main trading forces led by the Muslim population within the empire. The fight over who controlled these mines continued between the Songhai Empire and the Moroccans. However, throughout these numerous raids, the Moroccan army began modernizing their fighting tactics with the use of firearms, while the Songhai army failed to modernize and relied on spears, arrows[13] and guerrilla warfare instead.[5] With the failure to modernize, in 1591 the empire was finally defeated by the Moroccan forces.[14] With the fall of the Songhai Empire the Moroccan powers continued to rule over the land for 100 years until the colonization of the French power arrived in West Africa.[7][14]
References
- ^ Kâti 1913, p. 217.
- ^ Tondibi is on the left bank of the Niger River, 46 km north of Gao at 16°38′46″N 0°13′44″W / 16.646°N 0.229°W.
- ^ Hunwick 2003, p. 184 n68.
- ^ Kâti 1913, p. 215.
- ^ a b c "Songhai empire." Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 Aug. 2019. academic-eb-com.queens.ezproxy.cuny.edu/levels/collegiate/article/Songhai-empire/68696. Accessed 30 Nov. 2019.
- ^ a b Tesfu, Julianna (2008-06-29). "Songhai Empire (ca. 1375-1591) • BlackPast". BlackPast. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
- ^ a b c Root, Mario. "Songhay Empire." Encyclopedia of Black Studies, edited by Molefi Kete Asante and Ama Mazama, SAGE Reference, 2005, pp. 435-436. Gale eBooks, https://link-gale-com.queens.ezproxy.cuny.edu/apps/doc/CX3439300238/GVRL?u=cuny_queens&sid=GVRL&xid=63133779 Accessed 29 Nov. 2019.
- ^ "Songhai empire | History, Facts, & Fall". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
- ^ Roth, Catherine (2009-12-02). "Muhammed Toure / Askia Muhammad I (c. 1442-1538) • BlackPast". BlackPast. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
- ^ Hunwick, John (1996). "Secular Power and Religious Authority in Muslim Society: The Case of Songhay". The Journal of African History. 37 (2): 175–194. doi:10.1017/S0021853700035180. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 183182. S2CID 154648283.
- ^ Hunwick 2003, p. 151.
- ^ Hunwick 2003, p. 155.
- ^ "Songhai Empire". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
- ^ a b "Fabled Land of Ancient Glories." allAfrica.com, 13 Sept. 2010. Gale OneFile: Economics and Theory, https://link-gale-com.queens.ezproxy.cuny.edu/apps/doc/A236981894/PPBE?u=cuny_queens&sid=PPBE&xid=d2100c0e. Accessed 30 Nov. 2019.
- Hunwick, John O. (2003), Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents, Leiden: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-12822-4.
- Kâti, Mahmoûd Kâti ben el-Hâdj el-Motaouakkel (1913), Tarikh el-fettach ou Chronique du chercheur, pour servir à l'histoire des villes, des armées et des principaux personnages du Tekrour (in French), Houdas, O., Delafosse, M. ed. and trans., Paris: Ernest Leroux. Also available from Aluka but requires subscription.