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Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts

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Lady Burdett-Coutts, ca. 1840

Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts (21 April 1814 – 30 December 1906), born Angela Georgina Burdett, was a British philanthropist, the daughter of Sir Francis Burdett, 5th Baronet and Sophia, formerly Coutts, daughter of banker Thomas Coutts. In 1837 she became one of the wealthiest women in England when she inherited her grandfather's fortune of around £1.8 million (equivalent to £210,000,000 in 2023) following the death of her stepgrandmother, Harriot Beauclerk, Duchess of St Albans. She joined the surnames of her father and grandfather, by royal licence, to become Burdett-Coutts. Edward VII is reported to have described her as "[a]fter my mother, the most remarkable woman in the kingdom".[1]

Life

Burdett-Coutts' carte de visite

Burdett-Coutts was widely known as "the richest heiress in England".[2] She was a collector of paintings, including Old Masters. Among the contemporary paintings she purchased was Robert Scott Lauder's Christ Walking on the Sea.[3] The Reverend Richard Harris Barham, in a ballad (part of the Ingoldsby Legends) he wrote under the pen name "Thomas Ingoldsby" for Queen Victoria's coronation, referred to her as "Miss Anja-ly Coutts". She became a subject of public curiosity, receiving numerous offers of marriage.[2] She inherited the country house at Holly Lodge Estate in Highgate, which was then just outside London, where she was famous for holding receptions.[4]

Burdett-Coutts spent part of each year at Ehrenberg Hall in Torquay with her former governess and later companion Hannah Brown, to whom she was devoted. When Brown died in 1878, Burdett-Coutts wrote to a friend that she was utterly crushed by the loss of "my poor darling, the companion and sunshine of my life for 52 years".[5] She was a friend of both Charles Dickens and the Duke of Wellington, and she proposed marriage to the Duke despite the great disparity in their ages.[1]

Three years later, when she was 67, she shocked polite society by marrying her 29-year-old secretary, the American-born William Lehman Ashmead Bartlett, who became MP for Westminster on 12 February 1881. Her new husband changed his surname to Burdett-Coutts. Because of her husband's American birth a clause in her stepgrandmother's will forbidding her heir to marry a foreign national was invoked and Burdett-Coutts forfeited three-fifths of her income to her sister.[1]

Philanthropy

Angela Burdett-Coutts in later life
Urania Cottage, Shepherd's Bush

Burdett-Coutts spent the majority of her wealth on scholarships, endowments, and a wide range of philanthropic causes. One of her earliest philanthropic acts was to co-found (with Charles Dickens) a home for young women who had "turned to a life of immorality", including theft and prostitution. The home was known as Urania Cottage.[1]

She avoided taking sides in partisan politics, but was actively interested in improving the condition of indigenous Africans, or the education and relief of the poor or suffering in any part of the world. Though she made no special distinction of creed in her charities, Burdett-Coutts was a notable benefactor of the Church of England, building two churches – including St Stephen's Church, Rochester Row, Westminster – and endowing church schools.[1] As executor of the will of the Reverend Chauncy Hare Townshend (the author of several volumes of poetry), she, with the Rev. Thomas Helmore (also a poet), used money from Townshend's estate to build a primary school in Westminster, known as Burdett-Coutts & Townshend Foundation Church of England Primary School.[6]

She endowed the bishoprics of Cape Town and Adelaide (1847), and the founding bishopric of British Columbia (1857).[7] The granite Greyfriars Bobby Fountain in Edinburgh, with a bronze statue of Greyfriars Bobby, was erected by Baroness Burdett-Coutts.[8] In 1884, she was a co-founder of the London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, which became the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) in 1889; she also founded the Westminster Technical Institute in 1893, and was closely involved with the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA).

In 1864, she financed the Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem; the primary goal of the endeavour was to find better drinking water for those living in the city. During this work (1864–1865), the group, led by Charles William Wilson, was able to produce the most accurate and comprehensive map of Jerusalem but was unable to find a new source of water.[9][10][11] The Jerusalem Post commented that "Charles Wilson’s work on the Jerusalem Ordnance Survey served as the basis for all future Jerusalem research".[12] Burdett-Coutts subsequently helped fund other explorations in the Holy Land, sometimes in conjunction with the Palestine Exploration Fund.[13][14] This effort included a subsequent offer to fund another exploration to find water for Jerusalem, to be led by Charles Warren.[15]

Burdett-Coutts founded Columbia Market in 1869, in Bethnal Green in the East End of London, the district where much of her work was carried out. With her project in Columbia Square she became a pioneer in social housing.[1] Through her support of missionary and nursing efforts she was associated with Louisa Twining and Florence Nightingale. Her small housing development, Holly Village, on the corner of what was then her estate, is now in private hands and may still be seen in Highgate.[16] She was also the president of the British Goat Society.

Selected other roles and projects

Honours

In 1871, in recognition of her philanthropic work, Queen Victoria conferred on her a suo jure peerage as Baroness Burdett-Coutts of Highgate and Brookfield in the County of Middlesex.[23]

On 18 July 1872 she became the first woman to be presented with the Freedom of the City of London at the Guildhall, and in 1874 she became Edinburgh's first woman Freeman and was also presented with the Freedom of that city.[1]

Coat of arms of Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts
Escutcheon
Quarterly, 1st & 4th Argent a stag’s head erased Gules between the attires a pheon Azure within a bordure of the last charged with four buckles Or, 2nd & 3rd Azure two bars Or charged with three martlets Gules.
Supporters
Dexter a stag Proper gorged with a riband Argent pendant therefrom an escutcheon of the arms of Coutts, sinister a lion Proper pendant from a like riband an escutcheon of the arms of Burdett [24]

Death

Lady Burdett-Coutts died of acute bronchitis at her home on Stratton Street, Piccadilly. By the time of her death she had given more than £3 million to good causes. Nearly 30,000 people filed past her coffin before she was buried on 5 January 1907 near the West Door in the nave of Westminster Abbey.[25] She left no issue and the barony became extinct on her death.[1] Preparations had been made to inter her ashes, but on the day of her funeral, Westminster Abbey unexpectedly received her uncremated body and was forced to bury her standing up.[26][27]

A portrait of her is included in the mural of heroic women by Walter P. Starmer unveiled in 1921 in the church of St Jude-on-the-Hill in Hampstead Garden Suburb, London.[28]

Legacy

Charles Dickens dedicated his novel Martin Chuzzlewit to her and she had many royal and eminent friends.[1] The book Flashman's Lady by George MacDonald Fraser makes reference to her (fictional) love for James Brooke (The White Rajah), and his rejection of her due to his physical affliction. She also puts a lecherous Flashman firmly in his place by dislocating his thumb. Angela Burdett-Coutts also features in Terry Pratchett's novel Dodger; in an afterword, he states that part of his reason for writing the book was to bring Burdett-Coutts to the attention of modern readers. George Meredith wrote a poem, 'Angela Burdett-Coutts', in her memory.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Healey, Edna. "Coutts, Angela Georgina Burdett-, suo jure Baroness Burdett-Coutts (1814–1906)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32175. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ^ a b Anderson, John Parker (1912). "Burdett-Coutts, Angela Georgina" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 259–266.
  3. ^ Lewis, Susan (2012). "Appendix II: Bequests and Gifts of Paintings to Angela Burdett Coutts" (PDF). The Artistic and Architectural Patronage of Angela Burdett Coutts (doctoral thesis). University of London.
  4. ^ Robinson, Henry Crabb (1872). Diary, Reminiscences, and Correspondence of Henry Crabb Robinson. Macmillan. p. 231. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  5. ^ "Brighton's story". Brighton Ourstory. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  6. ^ Joseph Jackson Howard (editor), Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica, New Series, London, 1884, vol. IV: 130
  7. ^ Russell Brown, “Judgments of Solomon: Law, Doctrine and the Cridge Controversy” in H Foster and J McLaren, eds, Essays in the History of Canadian Law, Vol. VI (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995) 313.
  8. ^ "Man's Best Friend – Greyfriars Bobby". www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/ Historic UK.
  9. ^ Gibson, Shimon. British Archaeological Work in Jerusalem between 1865-1967: An Assessment (Report).
  10. ^ "Major General Sir Charles William Wilson, 1836–1905". Palestine Exploration Fund. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  11. ^ "The Walls of the Temple Mount (2 vols.)". Biblical Archaeology Society. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  12. ^ "Surveying Jerusalem". www.jpost.com. 25 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  13. ^ Howe, Kathleen Stewart; Rosovsky, Nitza; Art, Santa Barbara Museum of; Museum, St Louis Art; Mexico, University of New (1997). Revealing the Holy Land: The Photographic Exploration of Palestine. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-89951-095-8.
  14. ^ Palestine Exploration Fund: Quarterly Statement. Palestine exploration fund. 1880.
  15. ^ Gibson, Shimon (2003). Jerusalem in Original Photographs, 1850-1920. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-076-7.
  16. ^ "Holly Village". Victorian Web.
  17. ^ Scales, Andy. "We remember female trailblazers on International Women's Day". RSPCA. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  18. ^ "St. Paul's Cathedral official website". Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  19. ^ Jones, P.T.A., "Redressing Reform Narratives: Victorian London's Street Markets and the Informal Supply Lines of Urban Modernity," The London Journal, Vol 41, No. 1, 2006. pp 60–81, DOI: 10.1179/1749632215Y.0000000013
  20. ^ "The Victoria or Burdett-Coutts Memorial Drinking-Fountain". The Victorian Web. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  21. ^ "THE BURDETT-COUTTS MEMORIAL SUNDIAL". www.es.ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  22. ^ "Why Was Holly Village Built?". London x London. 17 January 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  23. ^ "No. 23741". The London Gazette. 26 May 1871. p. 2520.
  24. ^ Debrett's Peerage. 1903.
  25. ^ Parsons, Brian (2001). The London Way of Death. Sutton Publishing. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-7509-2539-6.
  26. ^ Castle, Stephen (15 June 2018). "Stephen Hawking Enters 'Britain's Valhalla,' Where Space Is Tight". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  27. ^ Patterson, Clara Burdett (1953). Angela Burdett-Coutts and the Victorians. Murray. p. 226.
  28. ^ "Campaign from on high at St Jude's". www.churchtimes.co.uk.

Further reading

  • Owen Rutter, editor. Rajah Brooke & Baroness Burdett Coutts: Consisting of the Letters from Sir James Brooke to Miss Angela, afterwards Baroness, Burdett Coutts. 1935.
  • Professor Jenny Hartley. Charles Dickens and The House of Fallen Women. Methuen, 2009. Charts the history of Urania Cottage.
  • Diana Orton. Made of Gold. Hamish Hamilton, 1980.
  • Edna Healey. Lady Unknown: The Life of Angela Burdett Coutts. Sidgewick & Jackson, 1978.
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Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts
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