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Goldeye

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Goldeye
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Hiodontiformes
Family: Hiodontidae
Genus: Hiodon
Species:
H. alosoides
Binomial name
Hiodon alosoides
(Rafinesque, 1819) Nash 1908
Map of North America with shading indicating species' distribution in parts of the central United States into parts of Canada
Synonyms[2][3]
List
    • ?Amphiodon alveoides Rafinesque 1819
    • Clupea alosoides Rafinesque 1819
    • Amphiodon alosoides (Rafinesque 1819) Hubbs 1926
    • Hyodon alosoides Jordan and Gilbert 1883
    • Hiodon clodalis Lesueur 1818
    • Clodalus clodalus (Lesueur 1818)
    • Hiodon chrysopsis Richardson 1836
    • Hyodon chrysopsis (Richardson 1836) Jordan and Evermann 1896–1900
    • Elattonistius chrysopsis (Richardson 1836) Jordan and Thomson 1910
    • Hiodon amphiodon Rafinesque 1820
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hiodon alosoides.

The goldeye (Hiodon alosoides) is a freshwater fish found in Canada and the northern United States. It is one of only two extant species in the family Hiodontidae, the other species being Hiodon tergisus.[4] The species name alosoides means shad-like.[5] It is also called Winnipeg goldeye, western goldeye, yellow herring, toothed herring, shad mooneye, la Queche, weepicheesis, or laquaiche aux yeux d’or in French.[5]

Morphology

Goldeyes are recognizable by their silver compressed body form and their large gold eyes. Their body appears to be a blue-green silver from above and a more white silver from below.[4] They have two abdominal and pelvic fins as well as a dorsal on their back and an anal fin on their underside. The dorsal fin is positioned opposite or behind the origin of the anal fin. Goldeyes also have a fleshy keel that extends from the pectoral fins to the base of the anal fin.[4] Their mouth is large and in the terminal position with a blunt round snout. There are teeth present on the tongue,[6] the roof of the mouth on the parasphenoid bone and the palatopterygoid arch[7]: 267, 280  and along the jaws.[6] The goldeye fish has cycloid scales that lack spines. They also have a sensory system known as the lateral line system.[4] Adults are usually about 15–17 inches (380–430 mm) but can reach 20 inches (510 mm). Goldeyes typically weigh only 1–2 pounds (0.45–0.91 kg).[8]

Reproduction

The age of first reproduction for goldeyes is 7–10 years for females and 6–9 years for males.[9] They spawn in late May or early June.[9] The eggs that they lay are about 4 millimetres (0.16 in) in size and they are semi-buoyant. This is a rare trait in fresh water fish, but is more common in marine fish. The eggs are suspended in the water and they drift downstream or to quiet waters. The majority of growth that occurs between June and September.[9]

Range

Goldeyes occur from as far down the Mackenzie River as Aklavik in the north to Mississippi in the south, and from Alberta in the west to Ohio south of the Great Lakes, with an isolated population south of James Bay.[10] It prefers turbid slower-moving waters of lakes and rivers.[citation needed]

Diet

Goldeyes feed on insects, crustaceans, fish and frogs. The fish averages less than 1 lb (450 g) or 12 in (30 cm) in length, but can be found up to 2 lb (910 g) or 16 in (41 cm) in some lakes.[11] It has been reported up to 52 cm (20 in) in length.[citation needed]

Fishing

The goldeye is considered a good fly-fishing fish, but not popular with most anglers because of its small size. It is one of 122 new species of animals, birds, fish documented by the Lewis & Clark Corps of Discovery.[12] Commercial fishing of this species was reported as early as 1876.[13] Its fresh flesh is soft and unappealing, so it was only taken randomly in gillnets and (in the past) sold for dogfood.[13] They are now sought after by many consumers as a smoked fish. Many commercial fishermen sell them smoked after being processed (marinated) in a brine made of spices, salt, brown sugar, and other secret ingredients. They are smoked in oak wood, apple wood, or other woods. Each producer has their own ways of smoking. Despite its soft flesh the goldeye may be soaked in a salt brine for 24 hours and then poached, firming up the flesh.[citation needed]

Two smoked Lake Winnipeg goldeyes purchased from a fisherman-owned business near Winnipeg Beach, Manitoba.

Its commercial viability was realized by Robert Firth, who immigrated to Winnipeg, Manitoba from Hull, England in 1886. Firth was carrying on a mediocre trade in cold-smoked goldeye, when he miscalculated the heat of his smoker and accidentally developed the now-standard method of hot-smoking it whole.[11] The bright red or orange colour of the smoked fish resulted from using only willow smoke, but today is achieved through aniline dye.[14] It became a fashionable gourmet dish after 1911,[15] with Woodrow Wilson and the Prince of Wales counted amongst its fans.[11] In 1926–29 the annual catch exceeded a million pounds, but stocks declined from 1931 and little was fished from Lake Winnipeg after 1938.[15] A small amount of the commercial harvest is shipped to the United States, but most is consumed in Canada.[11] Although Lake Winnipeg was once the main commercial source, it now comes from elsewhere, especially in Saskatchewan and Alberta, and the culinary name Winnipeg goldeye has come to be associated with the city where it is processed.[citation needed]

The fish is the namesake of Winnipeg's minor league baseball team, the Winnipeg Goldeyes.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ NatureServe (2013). "Hiodon alosoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T202408A18232129. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202408A18232129.en. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  2. ^ Van Der Laan, Richard; Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald (11 November 2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (1): 1–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
  3. ^ Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). "Hiodontidae". FishBase version (02/2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d Page, Lawrence M; Burr, Brooks M. (2011). Peterson Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of North America North of Mexico. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 144. ISBN 9780547242064.
  5. ^ a b Scott & Crossman 1973, p. 332
  6. ^ a b "Goldeye". Field Guide. Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  7. ^ Greenwood, Peter Humphry (1970). On the Genus Lycoptera and its Relationship with the Family Hiodontidae (Pisces, Osteoglossomorpha). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology. Vol. 19. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). No. 8. Retrieved 28 October 2023 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  8. ^ "Goldeye". ODNR Division of Wildlife Ohio Department of Natural Resources. 2012. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
  9. ^ a b c Battle, HI; Sprules, WM. (1960). "A Description of the Semi-buoyant Eggs and Early Developmental Stages of the Goldeye, Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque)". Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 17 (2): 245–266. doi:10.1139/f60-020.
  10. ^ Scott & Crossman 1973, pp. 328–29
  11. ^ a b c d McClane 1974, p. 432
  12. ^ "Lewis and Clark Expedition and Tribes Encountered". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on December 22, 2002. Retrieved 2012-02-02
  13. ^ a b Scott & Crossman 1973, pp. 330–31
  14. ^ Scott & Crossman 1973, p. 328
  15. ^ a b Scott & Crossman 1973, p. 331

References

Look up goldeye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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