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Hope Atherton

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Rev. Hope Atherton (1646–1677)[1][2][3] was a colonial clergyman. He was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts. Harvard Class of 1665.[4] He was the minister of Hadley, Massachusetts. He served as a chaplain in the King Philips War and became separated from troops during the Battle of Great Falls in 1676.[5][6] He died months after the battle, aged 30.[7]

Early life

Atherton was the tenth child of twelve and fourth son of Major General Humphrey Atherton and Mary Kennion. He was baptized on August 30, 1646, in First Church of Dorchester. He was one of the youngest of the large family whose patriarch, Humphrey Atherton, held prominent public, judicial, and military positions.

His father and members of the congregation had established first elementary school supported by public money in the New World in 1639. A school that both he and his siblings would have attended.[8]

His father suddenly died in an accident in 1661, when he was just 15 years of age.[6]

Some records in Harvard record his name as Sperantious; Hope in Latin.[9][10]

Teacher and clergyman

At the age of 22 he was recorded as the only teacher in his native town of Dorchester, at The Mather School, until he was replaced by John Foster. Atherton departed the environs of Boston and ventured westward into the Connecticut Valley, and began serving as a minister in Hatfield during the fall of 1668. However, on May 17, 1669, the people of Hatfield, formally invited him to settle there as their minister.[11] Dorchester records, from a few weeks later, read:

At a meeting of the Towne of Dorchester orderly called together on the 8 June 1669. A motion being made by our Breatheren and freinds at or neer hadly, unto this Towne, for to dismiss Mr. Atherton from his engagement to the Schole in Dorchester, unto the publique worke of the minestry with them their, it is therefore put to a vote, whether the Towne will be willing to dismiss Mr. Atherton, from his Engagement, by the 29 Septem next, or sooner, if the towne by their Committee can provide a supply for there schole. Voted in the Affermative.

The Town of Hatfield, originally an outlying section of Hadley on the western bank of the Connecticut River, was incorporated on May 31, 1670. On August 8, at the very first town meeting, it was recorded:

"The town of Hatfield hath granted to allow Mr. Hope Atherton £60 per year, during his work in the ministry among us, provided they are free from providing him wood for his firing." Three months later, on November 25, the people of Hatfield voted to build a suitable house for their new minister and to maintain his salary at £60 per year, "two thirds to be paid in good merchantable wheat, and one third in pork," with the condition that "if our crops fall so short that we cannot pay in kind, then we are to pay in the next best we have."

The formation of the church and Atherton's ordination took place during March 1671.[12] He was made a freeman of the town in May 1672.[4]

Battle of Bloody Brook

The Pocomtuc tribe, allied with the Nipmuc, were aggrieved by the English colonists encroaching on their settlements. Hostilities flared in 1675 across Massachusetts. This was the era of King Philip's War and Mohawk incursions eastwards. The Battle of Bloody Brook was fought on September 18, 1675, between colonial militia from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Native Americans led by the Nipmuc sachem Muttawmp, during King Philip's War.[13]

Battle of Bloody Brook in 1675. Some sources claim Hope Atherton was present

Atherton, was allegedly the chosen chaplain of Captain Lathrop's company,[14] a militia who escorted colonists traveling in loaded wagons, transporting the harvest from Deerfield to Hadley.[15] A large contingent of reportedly 700 Native Americans ambushed the group, resulting in the death of 40 militia men and 17 teamsters, out of a company that included 79 militia.[16] Only 10 colonists survived the attack, solely due to the quick intervention of another militia group in Deerfield who heard the gunshots, led by Major Treat of Hadley and Captain Mosely of Deerfield. The Genealogical and Historical Memoir of the Otis Family cited above, and that of the Hollister Family of America,[13] may have confused this battle with Turner Falls, since no other source has yet to tie Atherton to being a survivor of Bloody Brook. It is unclear whether he accompanied Lathrop’s militia on that fateful day.

Battle of Turner's Falls

The spring of 1676 saw several skirmishes between garrisoned troops in the Connecticut valley and Native American tribes of the region. Towns were attacked as far south as Windsor, CT and as far north as Deerfield, Massachusetts, where his cousin Rev.Samuel Mather (Independent minister) had been a minister. During the month of March the Northampton stockade was breached and Atherton's town of Hatfield was now threatened. By early May, between seventy and eighty cattle were stolen from the new settlers, from fields north of Hatfield by a group of Native Americans who then encamped to celebrate and feast at Peskeompskut, later called Turners Falls, Massachusetts.

On May 18, 1676, a force of 141 men, gathered at Hatfield for a march northward under Capt. William Turner to attack the Native American encampment north of Deerfield, Massachusetts.[17] Alternative sources say they left the previous day.[18][19] Atherton accompanied the expedition[20] as its chaplain. After an all-night march, the English militia and volunteer settlers achieved their goal of surprise and at daybreak of the 19th attacked and massacred scores of Native Americans; some warriors but mostly women and children. However the sound of the falls masked the arrival of a much larger group of warriors and a counter attack commenced, with the militia losing 42 men, including Capt. Turner.

Atherton was among a half a dozen who were separated from the main body during the chaotic retreat.[5] This event would be marked in history as the Battle of Turner's Falls; however it is also referred to as the Peskeompscut massacre.[21]

Atherton eventually found his own way back to Hadley.[22] However many of the settlers were highly skeptical of the exceptional experiences he recalled, especially in regard to the Native Americans fleeing upon his attempted surrender [23] and the mystery of how he crossed the Connecticut River to eventually stumble into Hadley.

Contemporary historians refer to this event as the Battle of Great Falls, instead of attributing the event solely to Captain William Turner.[24]

Atherton's sermon

Compelled to respond to those who doubted his story of wandering in the wilderness, near starvation and trying to evade capture, Atherton shared his experiences in a sermon,[25] which he delivered in the Hatfield church on May 28, 1676:

Hope Atherton desires this Congregation and all people that shall hear of the Lord's dealings with him, to praise and give thanks to God for a series of remarkable deliverances wrought for him. The passages of divine providence (being considered together) make up a complete temporal salvation.

I have passed through the Valley of the Shadow of Death, and both the rod and staff of God delivered me. A particular relation of extreme sufferings that I have undergone, & signal escapes that the Lord hath made way for, I make openly, that glory may be given to him, for his works that have been wonderful in themselves, and marvellous in mine eyes; and will be so in the hearts of all whose hearts are prepared to believe what I shall relate. On the morning (May 19, 1676) that followed the night in which I went out against the enemy with others, I was in eminent danger through an instrument of death; a gun was discharged against me at a small distance; the Lord diverted the bullet so that no harm was done me. When I was separated from the army, none pursued after me, as if God had given the heathen a charge, saying, let him alone, he shall have his life for a prey. The night following I wandered up and down among the dwelling places of our enemies; but none of them espied me. Sleep fell upon their eyes and slumbering upon their eyelids. Their dogs moved not their tongues. The next day I was encompassed with enemies, unto whom I tendered myself a captive. The Providence of God seemed to require me so to do. No way appeared to escape, and I had been a long time without food. They accepted not the tender which I made; when I spake they answered not. When I moved toward them, they moved away from me. I expected they would have laid hands upon me, but they did not. Understanding that this seems strange and incredible to some, I have considered whether I was not deceived; and after consideration of all things, I cannot find sufficient grounds to alter my thoughts. If any have reason to judge otherwise than myself, who am less than the least in the Kingdom of God. I desire them to intimate what their reason is. When I have mused, that which hath cast my thoughts according to the report I first made is, that it tends to the glory of God in no small measure; if it were so as I believe it was, that I was encompassed with cruel and unmerciful enemies, and they were restrained by the hand of God from doing the least injury to me. This evidenceth that the Most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, & doeth whatsoever pleaseth him among them. Enemies cannot do what they will, but are subservient to overruling providence of God. God always can and sometimes doth set bounds unto the wrath of man. On the same day, which was the last day of the week, not long before the sun did set, I declared with submission that I would go to the Indian habitations. I spake such language as I thought they understood. Accordingly I endeavored; but God whose thoughts were higher than my thoughts, prevented me by his good providence. I was carried beside the path I intended to walk in & brought to the sides of the great river, which was a good guide unto me. The most observable passage of providence was on the Sabbath day morning. Having entered upon a plain, I saw two or three spies, who I (at first) thought had a glance upon me. Wherefore I turned aside and lay down. They climbed up into a tree to spy. Then my soul begged of God that he would put it into their hearts to go away. I waited patiently and it was not long ere they went away. Then I took that course which I thought best according to the wisdom that God had given me.

Two things I must not pass over that are matters of thanksgiving unto God; the first is that when my strength was far spent, I passed through deep waters and they overflowed me not according to those gracious words of Isa. 43:2; the second is, that I subsisted the space of three days & part of a fourth without ordinary food. I thought upon those words 'Man liveth not by bread alone but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of the Lord.' I think not too much to say that should you & I be silent & not set forth the praises of God through Jesus Christ that the stones and beams of our houses would sing hallelujah. I am not conscious to myself that I have exceeded in speech. If I have spoken beyond what is convenient I know it not. I leave these lines as an orphan, and shall rejoice to hear that it finds foster Fathers & Mothers. However it fare amongst men, yet if it find acceptance with God, thro' Christ Jesus I shall have cause to be abundantly satisfied. God's providence hath been so wonderful toward me, not because I have more wisdom than others (Danl. 2: 30) nor because I am more righteous than others; but because it so pleased God.

— H. A. Hatfield, May 24, 1676.

Atherton was not alone; Jonathan Wells, a 16-year-old boy, also part of the expedition, was left bed-ridden for a full year and by his own account it took him up to four years to fully recover from the battle and its aftermath.[26]

Atherton's health never fully recovered from the exposure he suffered while lost in the woods.[27] and he died June 8, 1677, at age 30.[1][4][28]

Hatfield was without minister from the death of Atherton in 1677, until the call of Rev. Nathaniel Chauncey was accepted in 1683. The poverty brought by the King Philips War meant that a settlement of £40 for his widow Sarah was not released until 1679; three years after his death.[29]

Personal

Atherton married Sarah Hollister (1646–1691),[30] the daughter of John Hollister and Joanna Treat from Wethersfield, Connecticut, in 1674. They had three children:

  • Hope Atherton, born on January 7, 1675, in Hatfield, Massachusetts. Died in infancy.
  • Joseph Atherton, born January 7, 1675, in Hatfield, Massachusetts. The surviving twin. He settled in Deerfield and became a selectmen there in 1715. He died in Gill, Massachusetts, on October 13, 1753, aged 78
  • Sarah (Atherton) Parsons, born October 26, 1676, in Hatfield, Massachusetts

He was buried at Hill Cemetery, Hatfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts. There is no gravestone or marker.

His widow, Sarah, married Lieutenant Timothy Baker of Northampton and with her two children, Joseph and Sarah moved to live with him. Sarah became the mother of 7 more children; Timothy, John, Edward, Grace, Prudence, Deliverance; and of the much celebrated Captain Thomas Baker, who married Christine Otis,[4] who had been captured by Native Americans as a child.[31] Captain Baker's war record mentions the release of English civilians including the Otis family.[32] Sarah Baker, Atherton's wife, died December 8, 1691, in Northfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts.

Legacy

His son Joseph Atherton was involved in the historical recording of his father's involvement in 1717.

Some sixty years after the Battle of Turner’s Falls, a grant was made by the General Court of a township of land, in e vicinity of where the event had taken place. The list of the survivors and the descendants who were then entitled to receive apportionment of a total of 6 mi2 included his only son to reach adulthood, Joseph Atherton. The township is now known as Bernardston.[3]

Atherton has been referred to as "Hopestill", instead of "Hope" in the Suffolk County Probate Records.[33][34]

Adelbert S. Atherton is a notable descendant.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Reverend Hope Atherton entry on Atherton One Name Study".
  2. ^ "Massachusetts Historical Society link to Hope Atherton and his Times", by Arthur Holmes Tucker, Published by Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Massachusetts, 1926".
  3. ^ a b Tucker, Arthur Holmes pages 63–72 (1926). "Hope Atherton and his times".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c d Sibley, John Langdon; Shipton, Clifford Kenyon (1881). Sibley's Harvard Graduates, Volume 2 by John Langdon Sibley.
  5. ^ a b Howe, Susan (1990). Singularities by Susan Howe. ISBN 9780819511942.
  6. ^ a b Moore, Jacob Bailey (1823). Collections, Topographical, Historical, and Biographical Relating ..., Volume 2.
  7. ^ "Dorchester Atheneum - Entry for Hope Atherton".
  8. ^ "First Parish Church in Dorchester Records". Massachusetts Historical Society. September 29, 2004. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
  9. ^ "Precedence at Harvard College in the 17th Century" (PDF). americanantiquarian.org. pp. 16, 55.
  10. ^ "Harvard College Records: College Book I". Colonial Society of Massachusetts.
  11. ^ "History of the First Congregational Church of Hatfield, United Church of Christ" (PDF).
  12. ^ Kimball,Bruce A. (1995). The "True Professional Ideal" in America: A History. ISBN 9780847681433.
  13. ^ a b "The Hollister Family of America; Lieut. John Hollister of Wethersfield, Conn., and His Descendants". p. 35.
  14. ^ Otis, Horatio Nelson (1848). "Genealogical and Historical Memoir of the Otis Family".
  15. ^ Sargent, Epes (1855). "American Adventure by Land and Sea: Being Remarkable Instances of Enterprise".
  16. ^ Schultz, Eric; Tougias, Michael (1999). King Philip's War. Woodstock, VT: The Countryman Press.
  17. ^ "A historical account of the first Congregational church of Hatfield" (PDF). 1920.
  18. ^ Thompson, Parker C. (1978). "From Its European Antecedents to 1791: The United States Army Chaplaincy Vol. 1".
  19. ^ Thompson, Parker C. (1977). "From Its European Antecedents to 1791: The United States Army Chaplaincy Vol. 1". pp. 21–22.
  20. ^ Tucker, Arthur Holmes (1926). "Hope Atherton and his times (sermon at page 62), digital copy of book from Allen County Public Library, Indiana".
  21. ^ Dr Kevin McBride David Naumec, Ashley Bissonnette & Noah Fellman (2016). "Battle of Great Falls / Wissatinnewag-Peskeompskut (May 19, 1676). Pre-Inventory Research and Documentation Plan. Department of the Interior, National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program GA-2287-14-012. Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center" (PDF).
  22. ^ Winthrop, John (1853). "The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 by John Winthrop".
  23. ^ "Historical Journal of Massachusetts – June 2009" (PDF).
  24. ^ Dr Kevin McBride David Naumec, Ashley Bissonnette & Noah Fellman (2016). "Battle of Great Falls / Wissatinnewag-Peskeompskut (May 19, 1676). Pre-Inventory Research and Documentation Plan. Department of the Interior, National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program GA-2287-14-012. Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center" (PDF).
  25. ^ Tucker, Arthur Holmes (1926). "Hope Atherton and his times (sermon at page 67-70), digital copy of book from Allen County Public Library, Indiana".
  26. ^ Cray, Robert E. Jr. "Weltering in Their Own Blood": Puritan Casualties in King Philip's War" (PDF). Historical Journal of Massachusetts, Vol. 37 (2), Fall 2009.
  27. ^ History of Hatfield. P. 85, 466
  28. ^ Daniel White Wells, Reuben Field Wells, A History of Hatfield, Massachusetts, in Three Parts, published by F. C. H. Gibbons, Springfield, Massachusetts, 1910
  29. ^ Tucker, Arthur Holmes (1926). "Hope Atherton and his times (sermon at page 51), digital copy of book from Allen County Public Library, Indiana".
  30. ^ Sibley, John Langdon; Shipton, Clifford Kenyon (1881). Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, Vol 2 by John Langdon Sibley, Clifford Kenyon Shipton. p. 193.
  31. ^ "Dover, New Hampshire Library: Entry for Christine Otis Baker, who was taken by Indians after her father was killed and sold to the French, along with her mother".
  32. ^ "Mount Royal Canada Records".
  33. ^ The New England Historical and Genealogical Register; Volume 32 – 1878 by New England Historic Genealogical Society Staff. September 1995. ISBN 9780788402920.
  34. ^ Suffolk County Wills: Abstracts of the Earliest Wills Upon Record in the County of Suffolk by New England Historical and Genealogical Register Society circa 1717. 2005. ISBN 9780806310695.

Further reading

  • Connecticut State Library, Connecticut Archives Series, Colonial War, Series I, 1675–1775. Documents 45, 60, 67, 71, 74.
  • Easton, John. Franklin B. Hough, Editor, A Narrative Of the Causes which led to Philip's Indian War, of 1675 and 1676, by John Easton, of Rhode Island. Albany, NY: J. Munsell, 1858.
  • Hubbard, William. A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New England. Boston, MA: John Foster, 1675.
  • Harris, William (Leach, Edward Douglas, Ed). A Rhode Islander Reports On King Philip's War, the Second William Harris Letter of August 1676. Providence: Rhode Island Historical Society, 1963.
  • Judd, Sylvester. History of Hadley (Springfield, MA: H.R. Hunting & Company, 1905): June 22, 1676.
  • L'Estrange, Roger. A New and Further Narrative of the State of New-England, Being A Continued Account of the Bloudy Indian-War, From March till August, 1676 (London, UK: F.B. for Dorman Newman, 1676) : Ca. May 19, 1676
  • L'Estrange, Roger. A True Account of the Most Considerable Occurrences that have hapned in the Warre Between the English and the Indians in New England, From the Fifth of May, 1676, to the Fourth of August last (London, UK: Printed for Benjamin Billinsley at the Printing- Press in Cornhill, 1676) : Ca. May 19, 1676.
  • Massachusetts State Archives, Massachusetts Archives Series. April 25, 1676. Volume 69, Document 6.
  • Mather, Increase. A Brief History of the War with the Indians in New-England (Boston, MA: John Foster, 1676): Ca. May 18, 1676
  • Mather, Increase. A relation of the troubles which have happened in New-England by 16 reason of the Indians there from the year 1614 to the year 1675. Boston, MA: John Foster, 1677.
  • Rowlandson, Mary. Narrative of the Captivity and Removes of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, fifth edition. Lancaster: Carter, Andrews and Co., 1828.
  • Sheldon, George. A History of Deerfield, Massachusetts: the times when the people by whom it was settled, unsettled and resettled, Press of E.A. Hall & Co., Greenfield, 1896. Two volumes.
  • Shurtleff, Nathaniel B., ed. Records of the Governor and Company of The Massachusetts Bay in New England. Boston: William White, 1853.
  • Trumbull, J. Hammond, ed. The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, From 1665 to 1678 with the Journal of the Council of War 1675 to 1678. Hartford, CT: F. A. Brown, 1852.
  • Wells, Daniel White and Reuben Field Wells. History of Hatfield, Massachusetts, in three parts. Springfield, MA: F.C.H. Gibbons, 1910 P. 85 and 466.
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