Population control

Population control is the practice of artificially maintaining the size of any population. It simply refers to the act of limiting the size of an animal population so that it remains manageable, as opposed to the act of protecting a species from excessive rates of extinction, which is referred to as conservation biology.^[1]^[2]^[3]

While many abiotic and biotic factors influence population control, humans are notably influential against animal populations. Whether humans need to hunt animals for Managing populations involves either providing nourishment or neutering pets to prevent reproduction. To be more specific, population control plays an important role in wildlife populations. Based on the species being dealt with, there are numerous ways populations of the wild are controlled. Wildlife contraception is the act of preventing reproduction in the wild, which subsequently decreases populations. An example of this includes the maintenance of deer populations with the use of vaccines.^[4]^[5] Other methods to maintain populations include lethal trapping, live trapping, egg/roost site manipulation, live-ammunition shooting, and chemical euthanization. Lethal trapping, egg/roost site manipulation, live-ammunition shooting, and chemical euthanization are methods used to eliminate animal populations and prevent reproduction, whereas live trapping captures species to remove them from a specific area.^[6]

Factors influencing population control

Population control can be influenced by a variety of factors. Humans can greatly influence the size of animal populations they directly interact with. It is, for example, relatively common (and sometimes even a legal requirement) to spay or neuter dogs. Spaying – removing the ovaries and uterus of a female animal – medical term = ovariohysterectomy. Neutering - removing the testes of a male animal – medical term = orchiectomy. Various humans activities (e.g. hunting, farming, fishing, industrialization, and urbanization) all impact various animal populations.

Population control may involve culling, translocation, or manipulation of the reproductive capability. The growth of a population may be limited by environmental factors such as food supply or predation. The main biotic factors that affect population growth include:

Food – both the quantity and the quality of food are important. The population growth and decline of species depends on the amount of their food availability. The more available food, the more the population grows to meet it. The less nutritious food, the less fertile a species of reproductive age becomes.^[7]^[8] Snails, for example, cannot reproduce successfully in an environment low in calcium, no matter how much food there is because they need this mineral for shell growth.
Predators – as a prey population becomes larger, it becomes easier for predators to find prey. If the number of predators suddenly falls, the prey species might increase in number extremely quickly.
Competitors – other organisms may require the same resources from the environment, and so reduce the growth of a population. For instance, all plants compete for light. Competition for territory and for mates can drastically reduce the growth of individual organisms.
Parasites – These may cause disease, and slow down the growth and reproductive rate of organisms within a population.

Important abiotic factors affecting population growth include:

Temperature – Higher temperatures speed up enzyme-catalyzed reactions and increase growth.
Oxygen availability – affects the rate of energy production by respiration.
Light availability – for photosynthesis. light may also control breeding cycles in animals and plants.
Toxins and pollutants – tissue growth can be reduced by the presence of, for example, sulphur dioxide, and reproductive success may be affected by pollutants such as estrogen like substances.

Direct human impacts are not the only ways humans can control animal populations. Often times, humans are indirectly controlling animal populations, in other words, the humans are not aware that their actions are controlling animal populations. For example, new infrastructure and roads can lead to animals being displaced from their natural habitat. Their new habitats that they are forced to move to may not provide the same necessities to them that they require for survival. This will result in a decreasing population as a result of human actions.

Methods for active population control

Animal euthanasia is often used as a final resort to controlling animal populations. In Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana, the parish performed mass euthanasia on the entire animal shelter population, including 54 cats and 118 dogs that were put to death due to a widespread disease outbreak that spread among the animals.^[9]

Neutering is another option available to control animal populations. The annual Spay Day USA event was established by the Doris Day Animal League to promote the neutering of pets, especially those in animal shelters, so that the population remains controllable.^[10]

Wildlife population control

Wildlife contraception is used to regulate populations of animals in the wild and halt reproduction. For example, vaccines are currently being used in deer populations. GonaCon, which was developed by the US Department of Agriculture, encourages the production of antibodies in the sex drive hormones.^[4] Specifically, it is said to remove the oestrous cycles from the females, which initially attracts the males; without the oestrous cycles, males are not interested in mating.^[4] Another type of vaccine that is being used in deer is called porcine zona pellucida (PZP).^[5] PZP works by blocking sperm with antibodies on the deer's egg surface.^[5]

When preventing reproduction fails to control populations, methods such as lethal trapping, live trapping, egg/roost site manipulation, live-ammunition shooting, and chemical euthanization are used to maintain populations.

Lethal trapping is a method used to kill animals. This type of method is usually monitored in order to ensure no ethical or public concerns arise. While this tactic is most commonly used on small animals, populations of larger animals such as beavers and foxes are also controlled with this type of method.^[6]

Live trapping is a method used to capture a variety of animals. From small animals to large animals, this type of population control method uses barrel traps, restraining snares, and leg-hold devices. Just like the lethal trapping method, this tactic also needs to be regularly monitored to ensure no ethical concerns arise, as well as reduce animal distress. Specifically, this type of population control method is popular with capturing birds.^[6]

Egg/roost site manipulation is used on birds to prevent them from nesting in prohibited areas. Water spray is popular in urban and agricultural areas as it uses sprinklers to emit surfactants. The surfactants then control bird populations by killing and preventing future birds from nesting.^[6]

Live-ammunition shooting uses firearms to eliminate animals such as birds and bears. Because this type of population control method is restricted in many parts of the world, it is only to be used when other control methods have failed.^[6]

Chemical euthanization refers to the use of chemicals to cause an easy or painless death and is divided into three categories: acute toxins, anticoagulants and decalcifiers, and fumigants.^[6]^[11] Acute toxins only require a single dose to kill animals, whereas anticoagulants and decalcifiers require numerous doses over time. Fumigants are used to suffocate animals underground.^[6] While this type of population control method poses ethical concerns, the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) believes it is necessary when human health or the safety of other animals are at risk.^[12] To ensure this control method is humane, WSPA states that it must be painless, achieve rapid unconsciousness followed by death, minimize animal fear and distress, and be reliable and irreversible.^[12]

Population control also plays a significant role in managing and controlling invasive species so that they are eliminated before becoming abundant and causing any ecological harm.^[13]

Examples

Several efforts have been made to control the population of ticks, which act as vectors of a number of diseases and therefore pose a risk to humans. Efforts are also continuously being made to control wildlife populations near airports. Specifically, control measures have been approved for bald eagles and deer.^[6]

References

^ Sahney, Sarda; Benton, Michael J (2008-04-07). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–765. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.
^ Conservation biology : an evolutionary-ecological perspective. Michael E. Soulé, Bruce A. Wilcox. Sunderland, Mass. 1980. ISBN 0-87893-800-1. OCLC 5677875.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Soulé, Michael E. (December 1985). "What Is Conservation Biology?". BioScience. 35 (11): 727–734. doi:10.2307/1310054. JSTOR 1310054.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Deer 'pill' curbs aggressive mating". BBC News. 2011-09-01. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c Magazine, Smithsonian. "Oh Deer!". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Defusco, Russell P.; Unangst, Edward T. (2013). Read "Airport Wildlife Population Management" at NAP.edu. doi:10.17226/22599. ISBN 978-0-309-22385-0.
^ "Human population numbers as a function of food supply" (PDF). Russel Hopfenburg, David Pimentel, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA;2Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
^ "Morgan Freeman on the 'Tyranny of Agriculture'". Population Media. 11 February 2014.
^ Lemoine, Debra (2009-08-03). "Animal Control facility cleans up". The Advocate.
^ Lenker, George (2002-02-17). "Goal of Spay Day USA to control animal population". Union-News.
^ "Euthanasia - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ ^a ^b https://caninerabiesblueprint.org/IMG/pdf/Link72_Euthanasia_WSPA.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}
^ Allendorf, Fred W.; Lundquist, Laura L. (2003). "Introduction: Population Biology, Evolution, and Control of Invasive Species". Conservation Biology. 17 (1): 24–30. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02365.x. ISSN 0888-8892. JSTOR 3095269. S2CID 10534348.