Lappa (Crete)
Lappa (Ancient Greek: Λάππα),[1] or Lampa (Λάμπα),[2] or Lampae or Lampai (Λάμπαι),[3] or Lampe (Λάμπη),[4] was an inland town of ancient Crete, with a district extending from sea to sea,[5] and possessing the port Phoenix.[6] Although the several forms of this city's name occur in ancient authors, yet on coins and in inscriptions the word Lappa is alone found. Stephanus of Byzantium shows plainly that the two names denote the same place, when he says that Xenion, in his Cretica, wrote the word Lappa, and not Lampa.[4] The same authorsays that it was founded by Agamemnon, and was called after one Lampos, a Tarrhaean;[4] the interpretation of which seems to be that it was a colony of Tarrha.
When Lyctus had been destroyed by the Cnossians, its citizens found refuge with the people of Lappa.[7] After the submission of Cydonia, Cnossus, Lyctus, and Eleutherna, to the arms of Metellus, the Romans advanced against Lappa, which was taken by storm, and appears to have been almost entirely destroyed.[8] Augustus, in consideration of the aid rendered to him by the Lappaeans in his struggle with Marcus Antonius bestowed on them their freedom, and also restored their city.[9] When Christianity was established, Lappa became an episcopal see; the name of its bishop is recorded as present at the Council of Ephesus of 431, and the Council of Chalcedon of 451, as well as on many other subsequent occasions.[10]
Lappa was 32 M.P. from Eleutherna and 9 M.P. from Cisamus, the port of Aptera;[11] distances which agree very well with Argyroupoli, the modern representative of this famous city, where in the 19th century, Robert Pashley found considerable remains of a massive brick edifice, with buttresses 15 feet (4.6 m) wide and of 9 feet (2.7 m) projection; a circular building, 60 feet (18 m) diameter, with niches round it 11 feet (3.4 m) wide; a cistern, 76 by 20 feet (23.2 by 6.1 m); a Roman brick building, and several tombs cut in the rock.[12] One of the inscriptions relating to this city mentions a certain Marcus Aurelius Clesippus, in whose honour the Lappaeans erected a statue.[13]
The head of its benefactor Augustus is exhibited on the coins of Lappa: one has the epigraph, ΘΕΩΚΑΙΣΑΝΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ; others of Domitian and Commodus are found.[14] On the autonomous coins of Lappa feature maritime symbols, which are accounted for by the extension of its territory to both shores, and the possession of the port of Phoenix.[15]
The site of Lappa is located near modern Argyroupoli.[16][17]
References
- ^ Ptolemy. The Geography. Vol. 3.17.10.
- ^ Hierocles. Synecdemus.
- ^ Hierocles. Synecdemus.
- ^ a b c Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica. Vol. s.v.
- ^ Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax, p. 18
- ^ Strabo. Geographica. Vol. x. p. 475. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
- ^ Polybius. The Histories. Vol. 4.53.
- ^ Dio Cassius 36.1.
- ^ Dio Cassius 51.2.
- ^ Cornelius, Creta Sacra, vol. i. pp. 251, 252.
- ^ Peut. Tab.
- ^ Robert Pashley, Travels, vol. i. p. 83.
- ^ Gruter, p. 1091; Chishull, Antiq. Asiat. p. 122; Mabillon, Mus. Ital. p. 33; Böckh, Corp. Inscr. Gr. vol. ii. p. 428.
- ^ Hardouin, Num. Antiq. pp. 93, 94; Mionnet, vol. ii. p. 286; Supplém. vol. iv. p. 326; Rasche, vol. ii. pl. ii. p. 1493.
- ^
Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Lappa". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
- ^ Richard Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. p. 60, and directory notes accompanying. ISBN 978-0-691-03169-9.
- ^ Lund University. Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Lappa". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.