Involutinida

Involutinida; Temporal range: Early Permian- Cenomanian
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	SAR
(unranked):	Rhizaria
Phylum:	Retaria
Subphylum:	Foraminifera
Class:	Spirillinata
Order:	Involutinida; Hohenegger and Piller, 1977
Families
	Hirsutospirellidae; Involutinidae; Planispirillinidae; Ventrolaminidae;

Involutinida is an order of foraminifera included in the Spirillinata found in the fossil record from the early Permian to early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian).

Diagnosis

The Involutinida are characterized by a two chambered aragonitic test consisting of an initial spheroidal chamber, or proloculus, enclosed by a tubular second, or main chamber. The test wall may be bilamellar (two layered), the inner layer being microgranular and often dark, the outer hyaline (ckear, glassy). Coiling may be planispiral or trochospiral, forming a cone. Lamellar thickenings or pillar-like structures may be found in the umbilical region on one ore both sides.^[1]

Taxonomy

Four families are included in Involutinida,^[1] three of which, the Involutinidae, Hirsutospirellidae, and Planispirillinidae all have undivided tubular second chambers. The fourth, the Ventrolaminidae has numerous chambers following the proloculus. All four are represented by planispiral or trochospiral forms.

History

The concept of the Involutinida has developed over the years, beginning with the Involutinidae as described in the Treatise Part C, 1964,^[2] which then was included in the Cassidulinacea. The Involutinidae were expanded into the superfamily Involutinacea, named by Zaninetti, 1975, so accommodating additional families. Later, Hohenegger and Piller, 1977, the Involutinacea was redefined as the suborder Involutinina, now the Involutinida.

References

^ ^a ^b Alfred R. Loeblich Jr & Helen Tappan,1988. Forminiferal Genera and their Classification. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
^ Loeblich, Alfred R.; Tappan, Helen (1964). Moore, R.C. (ed.). Protista 2: Sarcodina Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. C (5th ed.). Geological Society of America. ISBN 978-0-8137-3003-5.

[L&T88-1] Alfred R. Loeblich Jr & Helen Tappan,1988. Forminiferal Genera and their Classification. Van Nostrand Reinhold.

[2] Loeblich, Alfred R.; Tappan, Helen (1964). Moore, R.C. (ed.). Protista 2: Sarcodina Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. C (5th ed.). Geological Society of America. ISBN 978-0-8137-3003-5.

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