Lead carbide
Lead carbide is a hypothetical chemical compound of carbon and lead. Lead and elemental carbon do not normally combine, even at very high temperatures.[1] Modern literature on lead carbide is almost non-existent.
Production
J. F. Durand reported in 1923 the synthesis of lead carbide from calcium carbide CaC2 by treatment with an aqueous solution of lead(II) acetate Pb(CH3COO)2, but this result was not reproduced.[2][3]
A 2007 textbook repeats this claim, describing lead carbide as a green powder with formula PbC2 that is decomposed by hydrochloric acid HCl to acetylene C2H2 and lead(II) chloride PbCl2.[4]
A compound analyzed as lead carbide PbC2 has also been obtained accidentally, as a thin layer (about 10 μm thick) on the inner wall of a graphite crucible that had been used to heat a lead-bismuth eutectic alloy for 100 hours at 1073 K in a helium atmosphere.[5]: p.27 [6]
Pyrophoric lead
Several reports of "lead carbide" synthesis appeared in the early 19th century, and were widely cited and copied into textbooks during the next few decades. In 1820, for instance, a certain John claimed to have sublimated a black carbide of lead from finely divided mixture of lead and charcoal,[7][8] but this claim apparently was never reproduced.[1]: p.67 Also in 1820, Berzelius claimed that the pyrolysis (decomposition by heat) of iron-lead cyanide resulted in a double iron and lead carbide, FeC4·2PbC4.[9] In 1823 Göbel from Jena obtained, by pyrolysis of lead tartrate in a closed vessel, a black powder that ignited spontaneously in contact with air, and believed it to be a carbide of lead.[10][11][12] This product still provides a popular school demonstration of pyrophoricity.[13] Shortly thereafter, Proust obtained a similar product from lead acetate[7] and Berzelius obtained one from lead cyanide.[7]: p.122 [14][15]: p.436
However, by 1870 those pyrophoric residues came to be regarded as an "intimate mixture" of carbon and lead; and the existence of lead carbide was considered unproven.[1]: p.67
References
- ^ a b c John Percy (1870), The Metallurgy of Lead, including Desiverization and Cupellation. J.Murray, London.
- ^ William A Frad (1968), Metal Carbides. In Harry Julius Emeléus, Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry. volume 12, page 213. Online version at books.google.com, accessed on 2010-01-17.
- ^ J. F. Durand (1923), Comptes Rendus... cited by W. A. Frad.
- ^ R. K. Sharma (2007) Chemistry of Hydrides and Carbides. Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi. ISBN 81-8356-227-2.
- ^ P. K. Wattal (2007) Nuclear Fuel Cycle. BARC Highlights, Bhaba Atomic Research Center, Chapter 4: Basic Studies Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ A. K. Sengupta, R. K. Bhagat, A. Laik, G. B. Kale, T. Jarvis, S. Majumdar, H. S. Kamath (2006): "Out-of-pile chemical compatibility of Pb–Bi eutectic alloy with Graphite". Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, volume 97, issue 6, pages 834–837. doi:10.3139/146.101311
- ^ a b c Leopold Gmelin (1851), Hand-book of Chemistry. Translated by Henry Watts. Cavendish Society
- ^ John (1820). Berlinisches Jahrbuch der Pharmacie, p. 320. Cited by Gmelin (1851) with a "?".
- ^ Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1820), Des rercherches sur la composition des prussiates ou des hydrocyanates ferrugineux. Annales de chimie et de physique, volume 15
- ^ Friedmann Göbel (1823). Archiv des Apotheker-Vereins, 11, p.347.
- ^ Perdonnet (1824). Nouveau Pyrophore. Short note in Bulletin universal des sciences et de l'índustrie, Volume 2, Paris, p.30
- ^ Anonymous note (1824), New Pyrophorus of Tartrate of Lead. The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, Volume 10 issue 20, p. 368
- ^ Bassam Z. Shakhashiri (1983), Pyrophoric lead; in Chemical demonstrations: a handbook for teachers of chemistry, Univ of Wisconsin Press, p. 94
- ^ Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1846), Traité de Chimie Minérale, Végetale et Animale, vol. 2. Transl. by F.H. Esslinger. Firmin Didot, Paris.
- ^ William Thomas Brande and Alfred Swayne Taylor (1867),Chemistry. 2nd American edition, Henry C. Lea, Philadelphia.