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ERICH2

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Glutamate Rich Protein 2 is a protein in humans encoded by the gene ERICH2. This protein is expressed heavily in male tissues specifically in the testes, and proteins are specifically found in the nucleoli fibrillar center and the vesicles of these testicular cells.[1] The protein has multiple protein interactions which indicate that it may play a role in histone modification and proper histone functioning.[2]

Gene

ERICH2 gene location as depicted by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

ERICH2 is located on human Chromosome 2, at 2q31.1.[3] It contains 10 distinct exons. The gene itself is 28,930 base pairs long and is flanked by the EIF2S2P4 and GAD1 genes.[3] There are no known paralogs of the ERICH2 gene.

mRNA

ERICH2 transcription produces three validated distinct mRNA variants. The longest transcript variant is 1,388 base pairs in length, 1,311 of which are coding.[3] The second variant differs from the first in its 5' UTR. It also has coding sequence differences and a distinct N-terminus compared to variant 1.[3] Variant 3 lacks several exons, has a distinct 3' UTR and C- terminus coding region. This variant is also shorter than the other two at 1,063 base pairs.[3]

Cartoon of the ERICH2 protein. The green box represents the PHA03247 domain, the orange box represents the amidation site, the blue box represents the cAMP- and cGMP- dependent protein kinase binding site. The gray box labels P represents an area rich in Proline, while the gray box label conserved is that in which is conserved throughout distant orthologs. the gray tags represent phosphorylation sites, and the red flags represents sites of glutamate amino acids. The green lines on the top of the cartoon represent the Pat4 nuclear localization signals while the gray brackets represent the Pat7 localization signals.

Protein

The ERICH2 protein is 436 amino acids in length, and has a molecular weight of approximately 48,000 kD,[4] with an isoelectric point of approximately 5.[4] The protein is determined to be rich in the amino acid proline and low in tyrosine and glycine.

Motifs and domains

Conceptual Translation of ERICH2. Intron-exon boundaries are highlighted in yellow. The PHA03247 domain is highlight it light gray. The acetylation site is in orange font. The amidation site is in light blue font. The c-AMP and c-GMP dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site is highlighted teal. Phosphorylation sites are in pink text. The most conserved region in distant orthologs is highlighted green. The beta strand structure is represented by a black arrow. The alpha helix structure is represented by a purple arrow.

Two known motifs were found in the human ERICH2 protein. The KKNT motif functions in cAMP- and cGMP- dependent protein phosphorylation, this protein motif was found only in primates.[5] There is also a FGRR motif conserved in mammals that is defined as an amidation site.[6] Finally the ERICH2 protein contains the PHA03247 domain that is 32 amino acids long.[3] This domain is not generally conserved through orthologs and the function is unknown. It is present in the proteins that make up the herpes virion.[7]

Structure and localization

Secondary structure prediction shows one alpha helix and one beta strand formation. The alpha helix encompasses the entire conserved section as seen in the cartoon of the ERICH2 protein. The beta strand is predicted 12 amino acids down from the amidation site and encompasses 4 amino acids.[8] Four nuclear localization signals were found in the protein, two pat4 signals and two pat7 signals, their locations are shown in the cartoon.[9] It is predicted in the 78th percent that the protein resides in the nucleus.[9]

Expression

A fluoroscopy of human cells, from the CACO-2 cell line of colorectal cancer, showing the presence of the ERICH2 antibody, as well as highlighted microtubules and DNA. The figure shows the location of the ERICH2 protein, mainly in the nucleoli fibrillar center and vesicles.[10]

ERICH2 is not ubiquitously expressed. It however, has been shown to be expressed narrowly in the choroid plexus of a developing fetus and in the testes of adults.[11] Lung and female tissue expression were also present but expression was greatly decreased.[12] Proteins are specifically located in the nucleoli fibrillar center and the vesicles within cells.[1][13]

Regulation of expression

Many phosphorylation sites are predicted for the ERICH2 protein. None are predicted on tyrosines only on serines and the threonines.[14][15] There is also a predicted acetylation site at the N-terminus of the protein, specifically it is predicted on the third amino acid.[16] Many SOX/SRY-sex/testis determining and related HMG box factor transcription factors and estrogen related transcription factors are predicted to bind and regulate transcription of ERICH2.[17]

Function

Interacting proteins

ERICH2 interacts with proteins in the H2A family.[2][13] The H2A proteins specifically play a role in the octamer structure of histone. ERICH2 is specifically known to interact with the H2AFY protein, which plays a key role in the stable X chromosome inactivation and can function by replacing a normal H2A in certain nucleosomes and thus repressing transcription.[18]

ERICH2 is also known to interact with the protein SDCB1 which functions in vesicle trafficking and the regulation of growth and proliferation of certain cancer cells.[19]

The IWS1 protein also interacts with ERICH2. This protein functions as a transcription factor and plays a key role in defining the composition of the RNA polymerase II elongation complex.[20] This complex then plays a role in histone modification and proper splicing.

Two-hybrid assays and other protein interaction methods have shown an interaction with the PSORS1C2 protein, but the function of this protein remains unknown.[2]

Homology

No paralogs for the ERICH2 protein are known. ERICH2 has 124 known orthologs spanning multiple taxa.[3]

Genus and Species Common Name Date of Divergence (MYA)[21] Sequence Length (aa) Sequence Identity Sequence similarity
Homo sapiens Human 0 436 -- --
Rousettus aegyptiacus Egyptian fruit bat 94 430 58% 63%
Propithecus coquereli Coquerel's sifaka 74 323 54% 60%
Mus musculus Mouse 90 463 47% 56%
Ursus Maritimus Polar Bear 94 296 50% 53%
Alligator mississippiensis American Alligator 320 370 28% 38%
Thamnophis sirtalis Common Garter Snake 320 309 27% 37%
Callorhinchus milii Australian Ghost Shark 465 319 22% 33%
Danio rerio Zebra Fish 432 310 24% 30%
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple Sea Urchin 627 470 23% 25%
Crassostrea gigas Pacific Oyster 758 293 17% 22%
Bemisia tabaci Silverleaf Whitefly 758 213 13% 14%
Trichoplax adhaerens Trichoplax 930 164 12% 15%

References

  1. ^ a b "Cell atlas - ERICH2 - The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 2017-02-17.
  2. ^ a b c "Results - mentha: the interactome browser". mentha.uniroma2.it. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "ERICH2 glutamate rich 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-17.
  4. ^ a b Kramer, Jack (1990). "Biology WorkBench 3.2".[permanent dead link]
  5. ^ "PROSITE". prosite.expasy.org. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
  6. ^ "PROSITE". prosite.expasy.org. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
  7. ^ Ludwig, Adriana; Krieger, Marco Aurelio; Ludwig, Adriana; Krieger, Marco Aurelio (2016-12-01). "Genomic and phylogenetic evidence of VIPER retrotransposon domestication in trypanosomatids". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 111 (12): 765–769. doi:10.1590/0074-02760160224. ISSN 0074-0276. PMC 5146736. PMID 27849219.
  8. ^ Pearson, William (1999). "Biology workbench". SDSC Biology workbench. Retrieved 2017-02-15.[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ a b "PSORT II Prediction". psort.hgc.jp. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
  10. ^ "Cell atlas - ERICH2 - The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
  11. ^ European Molecular Biology Lab. "Expression Atlas".
  12. ^ Group, Schuler. "EST Profile - Hs.443729". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-27. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  13. ^ a b Database, GeneCards Human Gene. "ERICH2 Gene - GeneCards | ERIC2 Protein | ERIC2 Antibody". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
  14. ^ "ExPASy: SIB Bioinformatics Resource Portal - Categories". www.expasy.org. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
  15. ^ "NetPhos 3.1 Server". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
  16. ^ "NetAcet 1.0 Server". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
  17. ^ "Genomatix: Genome Annotation and Browser: Query Input". www.genomatix.de. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
  18. ^ "H2AFY - Core histone macro-H2A.1 - Homo sapiens (Human) - H2AFY gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
  19. ^ "SDCBP - Syntenin-1 - Homo sapiens (Human) - SDCBP gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
  20. ^ Database, GeneCards Human Gene. "IWS1 Gene - GeneCards | IWS1 Protein | IWS1 Antibody". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
  21. ^ "TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life". www.timetree.org. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
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