Henriette Caillaux
Henriette Caillaux | |
|---|---|
 Henriette Caillaux, c.1914 | |
| Born | Henriette Raynouard 5 December 1874 |
| Died | 29 January 1943 (aged 68) |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation(s) | Socialite, art historian |
| Known for | Killing the newspaper editor, Gaston Calmette |
| Spouses |
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Henriette Caillaux (5 December 1874 – 29 January 1943) was a Parisian socialite and second wife of the former Prime Minister of France, Joseph Caillaux. On March 16, 1914, she shot and killed Gaston Calmette, editor of the newspaper Le Figaro.
Early life and marriages
Henriette Caillaux was born Henriette Raynouard, at Rueil-Malmaison on 5 December 1874.[1] At the age of 19, she married Léo Claretie, a writer twelve years her senior.[2] They had two children. In 1907 she began having an affair with Joseph Caillaux while both he and she were still married. In 1908, she divorced Claretie; Caillaux had more difficulties in divorcing his wife, but he eventually did so and they married in October 1911.[2] Their joint assets were worth around 1.5 million francs, placing them among France's wealthiest couples.[2]
Shooting of Gaston Calmette
Background
While serving as Minister of Finance in the government of France, Caillaux came under bitter attack from his political foes. The editor of the Le Figaro newspaper, Gaston Calmette, had been a severe critic. Calmette received a letter belonging to Caillaux that journalistic etiquette at the time dictated should not be published. The letter seemed to suggest that improprieties had been committed by Caillaux. In this letter he appeared to admit having orchestrated the rejection of a tax bill while publicly pretending to support its passage. Calmette published the letter at a time when Caillaux, in his capacity as Minister of Finance, was trying to get a progressive taxation law passed by the French Senate. The publication of his letter severely tarnished Caillaux's reputation and caused a great political upheaval.
The shooting
Henriette Caillaux believed that Calmette would publish other private letters that would demonstrate that Caillaux and she had had an intimate relationship while he was still married to his first wife. She felt the only way for her husband to defend his reputation would be to challenge Calmette to a duel, which, one way or another, would destroy her and her husband's life. Madame Caillaux made the decision to protect her beloved husband by sacrificing herself.
At 5pm on 16 March 1914, she entered offices of Le Figaro, wearing a fur coat and with her hands in a fur muff,[3] and asked to see Gaston Calmette. When told he was away but would return within an hour, she sat to wait.[4] Calmette returned at 6pm with his friend, the novelist Paul Bourget and agreed to briefly see Madame Caillaux, to Bourget's surprise.[4]
After being shown into Calmette's office, Henriette Caillaux exchanged a few words with him, then pulled out a .32 Browning automatic pistol she had been concealing within the muff and fired six shots, Calmette was hit four times and was critically wounded.[5] Henriette Caillaux made no attempt to escape and newspaper workers in adjoining offices quickly summoned a doctor and the police. She refused to be transported to the police headquarters in a police van, insisting on being driven there by her chauffeur in her own car, which was still parked outside. The police agreed to this and she was formally charged upon reaching the headquarters.[3] Gaston Calmette died six hours after being shot.[5]
Trial
Henriette Caillaux's trial dominated French public life. It featured a deposition from the president of the Republic, an unheard-of occurrence at a criminal proceeding almost anywhere, along with the fact that many of the participants were among the most powerful members of French society.[6] She was defended by the prominent attorney Fernand Labori who persuaded the jury that her crime, which she did not deny, was not a premeditated act but that her uncontrollable female emotions resulted in a crime of passion. The belief that women were not as strong emotionally as men resulted in her acquittal on 28 July 1914.
Later life
In the early 1930s she was awarded a diploma of the École du Louvre for her thesis on the sculptor Jules Dalou. She published a reference book in 1935 in which she established an inventory of the work of this artist.[7] She died in 1943.
Legacy
In 1918, an American silent film, The Caillaux Case, was released by Fox Film. Directed by Richard Stanton, it featured Madlaine Traverse as Henriette Caillaux and Eugene Ormonde as Gaston Calmette.[8] The film portrays both Henriette Caillaux and her husband as pro-German conspirators and traitors to France.[9] Before and during World War I, Joseph Caillaux had indeed been an advocate of peaceful compromise with Germany, and at the end of 1917 while the war was still going on, he was charged and convicted of treason. The film was not a financial success.[10]
In 1968 a German television film Madame Caillaux was made.
A 1985 made for French television film called L'Affaire Caillaux and a 1992 book titled Trial of Madame Caillaux by American history professor Edward Berenson recount the event. In addition, Robert Delaunay used an illustration of the assassination as the basis for his 1914 painting Political Drama.[11]
References
- ^ Acte de naissance nº 213, année 1874, état civil de Rueil
- ^ a b c Berenson (1992), p.13
- ^ a b Berenson (1992), p.2
- ^ a b Martin (1984), p.151
- ^ a b Martin (1984), p. 152
- ^ Berenson, Edward (1993). The Trial of Madame Caillaux. United States: University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780520084285.
- ^ Henriette Caillaux, Aimé-Jules Dalou, L'homme - L'œuvre, Paris, Delagrave, 1935
- ^ "The Caillaux Case (1918)". IMDb. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
- ^ Mavis, Paul (2011). The Espionage Filmography: United States Releases, 1898 through 1999. McFarland. ISBN 1476604274.
- ^ Solomon, Aubrey (2011). The Fox Film Corporation, 1915-1935: A History and Filmography. McFarland. p. 34. ISBN 0786486104.
- ^ I think I see... Archived 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine at the National Gallery of Art
Further reading
- Kershaw, Alister. Murder in France. (London: Constable, 1955), 90-117.
- Shankland, Peter. Death of an Editor: The Caillaux Drama. (London: William Kimber, 1981)
- Berenson, Edward. The Trial of Madame Caillaux (Univ of California Press: Oxford, 1992). ISBN 0-520-08428-4
- Martin, Benjamin F. (1984). The Hypocrisy of Justice in the Belle Epoque. Louisiana State University Press.
