Memphis Tennessee Garrison
Memphis Tennessee Garrison | |
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| Born | Memphis Tennessee Carter March 3, 1890 Hollins, Virginia |
| Died | July 25, 1988 (aged 98) Huntington, West Virginia |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Bluefield State College Ohio State University |
| Occupation(s) | Educator, Activist |
Memphis Tennessee Garrison (March 3, 1890- July 25, 1988) was an activist for African Americans and young women during the Jim Crow Era in rural West Virginia. Garrison was a McDowell County teacher and community mediator, famous for organizing West Virginia's third chapter of the Gary Branch of the NAACP in 1921. Additionally, from 1931-1946, Garrison was the community mediator for U.S. Steel Gary Mines. Some of Garrison's other notable achievements range from establishing the Gary Branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, to organizing Girl Scout troops for African American girls, to creating a breakfast program from impoverished students during the Great Depression and finally to creating the "Negro Artist Series."
Early life and education
Memphis Tennessee Carter was born in Hollins, Virginia on March 3, 1890, to Cassie Thomas Carter and Wesley Carter. Both her parents were former slaves, and later her father became a coal miner. Memphis was the youngest of two children and due to her father's profession, her family spent her childhood in the Southern West Virginia coalfields.[1] Memphis spent most of her days receiving an elementary education from the segregated West Virginia public schools. Later in life, Memphis went on to marry William "Melvin" Garrison, an electrician and coal company foreman from Gary, McDowell County of West Virginia, on October 5, 1918. Memphis and Melvin never had any children, though if she had it is likely her career would have been shortened due to open discouragement of married teachers with children in West Virginia schools during this time.[2] She eventually received a B.A. with honors from Bluefield State College[3] in 1939, and proceeded to advanced studies at The Ohio State University.
Career
Garrison began her career as a teacher at a public school in McDowell County in 1908 and remained there until the early 1950s when she retired. Although she dreamed of becoming a lawyer, she could not handle the economic cost of the required training, so she was forced to abandon that.[2] While she was a teacher, she also acted as a community mediator for U.S. Gary Steel Mines. She was instrumental in this as she resolved conflicts and complaints for the steel workers.
She was also a big influence of the political world of her area. Being the secretary of the Gary Branch of the NAACP, she carried out many big projects and campaigns against racism towards colored people. One of her most famous campaigns was the Christmas seal campaign during the late 1920s and early 1930s. This project emphasized “Justice for All” and collected big amounts of money for the main office of NAACP, as well as produced widespread support for the organization. Her work in the NAACP also helped to pass an anti-lynching bill in West Virginia.[4] She eventually became vice president of the organization's Gary Branch from 1963 to 1966.[5]
She dedicated her later life in her nation and took leading roles in many different organizations for the improvement of her state and nation. She was later rewarded with multiple honors for her dedication and service in the Civil Rights area and her constant battles for alleviation of class and gender racism.[5]
Legacy
While Garrison contributed greatly toward the bettering of race relations during a time of immense segregation, she did not always succeed without repercussions.[6] She received backlash for supporting Joe Parsons, a black man running for Sheriff, and ultimately was suspended from teaching for a year. Garrison notes that she gathered the strength to achieve all that she did and dealt with controversies through her Christian faith.[6] Memphis Tennessee Garrison took the initiative to advocate for her beliefs and lead her community to racial and gender equality during a time when women were given limited rights.[7] It is important to know that Memphis Tennessee Garrison was a successful activist, despite the fact that she had very limited economic resources.
Garrison's house in Huntington, West Virginia was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.[7] Her house is a potential community house museum for civil rights. According to Owens Brown, the current President of the West Virginia State NAACP, Garrison's house serves as an institution that validates Huntington's black community, as well as a remembrance of Garrison's work and activism.[8]
References
- ^ Trotter, Joe (1993). Black Women in America. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing. pp. 479–480. ISBN 0-926019-61-9.
- ^ a b Casto, James E. (2013). Legendary Locals of Huntington. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781467100335.
- ^ "e-WV | Memphis Tennessee Garrison". www.wvencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
- ^ Peeks, E. (February 10, 2004). "Memphis Garrison helped open doors for blacks". ProQuest 331318747.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b Abramson, Rudy (2006). Encyclopedia of Appalachia. Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennessee Press. pp. 257–258. ISBN 1-57233-456-8.
- ^ a b Bunch-Lyons, Beverly A. (2004). "Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman ed. by Ancella R. Bickley, Lynda Ann Ewen (review)". Ohio Valley History. 4 (2): 70–71. ISSN 2377-0600.
- ^ a b "Memphis Tennessee Garrison House". Clio. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
- ^ Herald-Dispatchbnash@heralddispatch.com, BISHOP NASHThe. "Memphis Tennessee Garrison house working to become black history museum". The Herald-Dispatch. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
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