Rocket engine test facility

For the former Glenn Research Center facility, see Rocket Engine Test Facility.

Rocket firing at the WSTF

A rocket engine test facility is a location where rocket engines may be tested on the ground, under controlled conditions. A ground test program is generally required before the engine is certified for flight. Ground testing is very inexpensive in comparison to the cost of risking an entire mission or the lives of a flight crew.

The test conditions available are usually described as sea level ambient or altitude. Sea level testing is useful for evaluations of start characteristics for rockets launched from the ground. However, sea level testing does not provide a true simulation of the majority of the operating environment of the rocket. Better simulations are provided by altitude test facilities.

Sea level tests

Sea Level engine test stand at the John C. Stennis Space Center

The facility must restrain the rocket and direct the rocket exhaust safely toward the open atmosphere. Structural integrity, system operations, and sea level thrust can be measured and verified. However, rockets are primarily intended for operations in very thin or no atmosphere. Systems that work well on the ground may behave very differently in space.

A typical sea level test stand may be designed to restrain the rocket engine in either a horizontal or vertical position. Liquid rocket engines are usually fired in a vertical position because the propellant pump intakes are designed to draw fuel from the bottoms of the fuel tanks. The effect of the propellant weight on the thrust measurement system (TMS) must be accounted for as the engine is firing. The rocket exhaust is directed into a flame bucket or trench. The flame trench is designed to redirect the hot exhaust to a safe direction and is protected by a water deluge system that both cools the exhaust and also reduces the sound pressure level (loudness). The sound pressure level of large rocket engines has been measured at greater than 200 decibels — one of the loudest man-made sounds.

Solid rocket engines may be fired in either a vertical or horizontal orientation. The thrust measurement system does not need to account for the changing weight of the rocket in a horizontal position. The associated flame trench need not be so sturdy as with a vertical test stand, however a water system may be less effective at reducing the sound pressure level.

All test stands require safety provisions to protect against the destructive potential of an unplanned engine detonation. The safety provisions generally include building the stand some minimum distance from inhabited areas or other critical facilities, placing the stand behind a thick concrete blast wall or earthen berm, and using some form of inerting system (either gaseous nitrogen or helium) to eliminate the buildup of explosive mixtures.

Altitude tests

The advantage of altitude testing is to obtain a better simulation of the rocket's operating environment. Air pressure decreases with increasing altitude. Effects of the lower air pressure include higher rocket thrust and lower heat transfer.

An altitude facility is much more complex than a sea level facility. The rocket is installed inside an enclosed chamber which is evacuated to a minimum pressure level before rocket firing. A typical chamber operating pressure of 0.16 psia (equivalent to an altitude of 100,000 feet) is established inside the chamber by some form of mechanical pumping. Mechanical pumping is typically provided by steam ejector/diffusers. If the products of combustion from the rocket firing include flammable or explosive materials, the chamber must be inerted, typically with gaseous nitrogen (GN2). The inerting process prevents build-up of potentially explosive materials inside the chamber or exhaust ducting.

Rocket ground test facilities

Test facilities in the United States

• Northrup Grumman Innovations Systems, Promontory, Utah (formally Morton-Thiokol, Thiokol, ATK, Orbital ATK Space Systems)
• Northrup Grumman, Elkton, Maryland (Formally Thiokol, Elkton Controls)
• Rocketdyne Santa Susana Field Laboratory (Closed)
• NASA
  • Rocket Engine Test Facility
  • Marshall Space Flight Center
  • Plum Brook Station
  • White Sands Test Facility (WSTF)
  • John C. Stennis Space Center
• USAF Arnold Engineering Development Center
• New Mexico Tech's Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center
• Air Force Research Laboratory at Edwards AFB, CA
• Pratt & Whitney Space Propulsion test facility
• SpaceX
  • SpaceX Rocket Development and Test Facility, McGregor, Texas
  • SpaceX high-altitude test facility, Las Cruces, New Mexico
• Sierra Nevada Corporation rocket engine test facility, Poway, California
• LEEx Large Engine Experiment, Blue Origin, Kent, Washington
• GEEx Giant Engine Experiment, Blue Origin, Van Horn, Texas
• XCOR Aerospace Engine Test Facility, Mojave, California

Rocket ground test facilities outside the United States

• Sea- level and High Altitude Test Facilities- Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India
• DLR Lampoldshausen - Baden-Württemberg, Germany, European Union
• ISRO Propulsion Complex - Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu, India
• NII-229 (NIIKhIMMash) - Zagorsk, Moscow Oblast, Russia
• RAF Spadeadam - (No longer in use) United Kingdom.
• Woomera Test Range - Australia, South Australia
• High Down Rocket Test Site - (No longer in use) United Kingdom.
• Refshaleøen, Copenhagen, Denmark, European Union, Used by Copenhagen Suborbitals, a private non-profit organisation operating on open source principles

Bibliography

• Sutton, G.P., (1976) Rocket Propulsion Elements ISBN 0-471-83836-5
• Lawrie, A., (2005) Saturn ISBN 1-894959-19-1
• Bilstein, R.E., (2003) Stages To Saturn ISBN 0-8130-2691-1

External links

• National Rocket Propulsion Test Alliance [3]
• NASA Rocket Propulsion Test Program Office [4]